[feat] add system language support across desktop and mobile

apps/desktop/src/app/main.cpp

@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
     CSimpleIniA config;
     config.SetUnicode(true);
     config.LoadFile((paths.GetCachePath() / "config.ini").string().c_str());
-    console.SetLanguage(static_cast<int>(config.GetLongValue("Settings", "language", 0)));
+    console.SetLanguage(static_cast<int>(config.GetLongValue("Settings", "language", 10)));
     std::cout << console.Text("console_cli_help");
     return 0;
   }

apps/desktop/src/config_center/config_center.cpp

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ int ConfigCenter::Load() {
   const long language_value =
       ini_->GetLongValue(section_, "language", static_cast<long>(language_));
   if (language_value < static_cast<long>(LANGUAGE::CHINESE) ||
-      language_value > static_cast<long>(LANGUAGE::RUSSIAN)) {
+      language_value > static_cast<long>(LANGUAGE::SYSTEM)) {
     language_ = LANGUAGE::ENGLISH;
   } else {
     language_ = static_cast<LANGUAGE>(language_value);
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ int ConfigCenter::Save() {
 
 int ConfigCenter::SetLanguage(LANGUAGE language) {
   const int value = static_cast<int>(language);
-  if (value < 0 || value > 2 || StoreValues({{"language", std::to_string(value)}}) != 0) return -1;
+  if (value < 0 || value > static_cast<int>(LANGUAGE::SYSTEM) || StoreValues({{"language", std::to_string(value)}}) != 0) return -1;
   language_ = language;
   return 0;
 }

apps/desktop/src/config_center/config_center.h

@@ -20,7 +20,11 @@ namespace crossdesk {
 
 class ConfigCenter {
  public:
-  enum class LANGUAGE { CHINESE = 0, ENGLISH = 1, RUSSIAN = 2 };
+  enum class LANGUAGE {
+    CHINESE = 0, ENGLISH = 1, RUSSIAN = 2, TRADITIONAL_CHINESE = 3,
+    JAPANESE = 4, KOREAN = 5, GERMAN = 6, FRENCH = 7, SPANISH = 8,
+    BRAZILIAN_PORTUGUESE = 9, SYSTEM = 10
+  };
   enum class CONNECTION_MODE { DEVICE_ID = 0, DIRECT_IP = 1 };
   enum class VIDEO_ENCODE_FORMAT { H264 = 0, AV1 = 1 };
   enum class TURN_MODE {
@@ -93,7 +97,7 @@ class ConfigCenter {
   std::unique_ptr<IniStorage> ini_;
   const char* section_ = "Settings";
 
-  LANGUAGE language_ = LANGUAGE::CHINESE;
+  LANGUAGE language_ = LANGUAGE::SYSTEM;
   CONNECTION_MODE connection_mode_ = CONNECTION_MODE::DEVICE_ID;
   bool enable_ip_direct_ = true;
   ScreenCaptureMethod screen_capture_method_ = ScreenCaptureMethod::Auto;

apps/desktop/src/gui/application/gui_application.cpp

@@ -1201,9 +1201,8 @@ void GuiApplication::InitializeSettings() {
   settings_.LoadRecentConnectionAliases();
   localization_language_index_ =
       localization::detail::ClampLanguageIndex(language_button_value_);
-  language_button_value_ = localization_language_index_;
   localization_language_ =
-      static_cast<ConfigCenter::LANGUAGE>(localization_language_index_);
+      static_cast<ConfigCenter::LANGUAGE>(language_button_value_);
   privacy_.SetText({
       localization::privacy_screen_unlock_hint[localization_language_index_]});
 }
@@ -1563,11 +1562,7 @@ void GuiApplication::BindMainCallbacks(bool gallery_window) {
     if (config_center_->SetConnectionMode(mode) != 0) {
       LOG_WARN("Could not save connection mode preference");
       main->set_offline_warning(UiText(
-          localization_language_index_ == 0
-              ? "无法保存连接模式，下次启动可能不会恢复当前模式。"
-          : localization_language_index_ == 2
-              ? "Не удалось сохранить режим подключения. При следующем запуске он может не восстановиться."
-              : "Could not save the connection mode. It may not be restored on the next launch."));
+          localization::Literal("无法保存连接模式，下次启动可能不会恢复当前模式。", localization_language_index_)));
     }
   });
   main->on_toggle_gallery_fullscreen(
@@ -3078,13 +3073,9 @@ void GuiApplication::UpdateLocalization() {
     return;
   }
 #if _WIN32
-  // All views refer to static literals; selecting the text needs no allocation
-  // and only runs when the language changes. Tick still checks connection state.
-  ui_->shutdown_reason = language == 0
-      ? L"远程控制连接中，保留连接以确认或取消关机。"
-      : language == 2
-          ? L"Удалённый сеанс активен. Соединение сохранено для подтверждения или отмены выключения."
-          : L"Remote session active. Keeping the connection available to confirm or cancel shutdown.";
+  static std::vector<std::wstring> shutdown_reasons(localization::GetSupportedLanguages().size());
+  ui_->shutdown_reason = localization::GetWindowsLocalizedLabel(
+      language, "shutdown_reason", L"Remote session active.", shutdown_reasons);
 #endif
   ui_localization::ApplyMainWindowStrings(ui_->main, language);
   ui_localization::ApplyStreamWindowStrings(ui_->main, language);
@@ -3247,13 +3238,12 @@ void GuiApplication::SyncMainWindow() {
 
   // Keep this filter separate from DeskHub's current group, keyed by name so
   // adding/removing groups does not silently select a different one by index.
-  const auto tr_group = [this](const char* zh, const char* en, const char* ru) {
-    return UiText(localization_language_index_ == 0 ? zh
-                  : localization_language_index_ == 2 ? ru : en);
+  const auto tr_group = [this](const char* zh) {
+    return UiText(localization::Literal(zh, localization_language_index_).c_str());
   };
   std::vector<slint::SharedString> recent_groups{
-      tr_group("全部设备", "All devices", "Все устройства"),
-      tr_group("未分组", "Ungrouped", "Без группы")};
+      tr_group("全部设备"),
+      tr_group("未分组")};
   const bool lan_mode = ui_->main->get_lan_mode();
   int recent_group_index = 0;
   if (!lan_mode && ui_->recent_group_filter) {
@@ -4565,9 +4555,7 @@ bool GuiApplication::SaveSettingsFromUi(bool gallery_window) {
   // common save succeeds. Restore the previous wall file if it fails.
   if (!wall_settings || (wall_changed && !updated_wall.Save(ui_->gallery_path))) {
     main->set_gallery_settings_error(UiText(
-        localization_language_index_ == 0 ? "保存失败，请重试"
-        : localization_language_index_ == 2 ? "Не удалось сохранить. Повторите попытку"
-                                            : "Could not save; try again"));
+        localization::Literal("保存失败，请重试", localization_language_index_)));
     main->set_settings_tab(1);
     return false;
   }
@@ -4586,9 +4574,7 @@ bool GuiApplication::SaveSettingsFromUi(bool gallery_window) {
     if (wall_changed && !ui_->gallery.Save(ui_->gallery_path))
       LOG_ERROR("Failed to restore DeskHub settings after IP direct save failure");
     main->set_settings_save_error(UiText(
-        localization_language_index_ == 0 ? "无法保存 IP 连接设置，请重试。"
-        : localization_language_index_ == 2 ? "Не удалось сохранить настройки подключения по IP. Повторите попытку."
-                                            : "Could not save IP connection settings. Try again."));
+        localization::Literal("无法保存 IP 连接设置，请重试。", localization_language_index_)));
     return false;
   }
 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(__APPLE__) || (defined(__linux__) && !defined(__OHOS__))
@@ -4596,22 +4582,18 @@ bool GuiApplication::SaveSettingsFromUi(bool gallery_window) {
     if (wall_changed && !ui_->gallery.Save(ui_->gallery_path))
       LOG_ERROR("Failed to restore DeskHub settings after lock preference save failure");
     main->set_settings_save_error(UiText(
-        localization_language_index_ == 0 ? "无法保存断开后锁屏设置，请重试。"
-        : localization_language_index_ == 2 ? "Не удалось сохранить настройку блокировки при отключении. Повторите попытку."
-                                            : "Could not save lock-on-disconnect settings. Try again."));
+        localization::Literal("无法保存断开后锁屏设置，请重试。", localization_language_index_)));
     return false;
   }
 #endif
   if (config_center_->SetPrivacyLocalUnlock(main->get_privacy_local_unlock_allowed()) != 0) {
     if (wall_changed) ui_->gallery.Save(ui_->gallery_path);
     main->set_settings_save_error(UiText(
-        localization_language_index_ == 0 ? "无法保存隐私屏解锁设置，请重试。"
-        : localization_language_index_ == 2 ? "Не удалось сохранить настройку разблокировки. Повторите попытку."
-                                            : "Could not save privacy unlock settings. Try again."));
+        localization::Literal("无法保存隐私屏解锁设置，请重试。", localization_language_index_)));
     return false;
   }
   language_button_value_ =
-      localization::detail::ClampLanguageIndex(main->get_language_index());
+      std::clamp(main->get_language_index(), 0, localization::kSystemLanguage);
   video_encode_format_button_value_ = std::clamp(main->get_codec_index(), 0, 1);
   enable_self_hosted_ = main->get_self_hosted_enabled();
 #if !defined(__OHOS__)
@@ -4621,7 +4603,7 @@ bool GuiApplication::SaveSettingsFromUi(bool gallery_window) {
 
   localization_language_ =
       static_cast<ConfigCenter::LANGUAGE>(language_button_value_);
-  localization_language_index_ = language_button_value_;
+  localization_language_index_ = localization::detail::ClampLanguageIndex(language_button_value_);
   config_center_->SetLanguage(localization_language_);
   privacy_.SetText(
       {localization::privacy_screen_unlock_hint[localization_language_index_],
@@ -4773,10 +4755,7 @@ void GuiApplication::ConnectFromUi(const std::string& input) {
   const std::string remote_id = CompactPeerId(input);
   if (!gallery::Workspace::ValidId(remote_id)) {
     ui_->main->set_connection_input_error(
-        UiText(localization_language_index_ == 0 ? "请输入有效的 9 位设备 ID"
-               : localization_language_index_ == 2
-                   ? "Введите корректный 9-значный ID устройства"
-                   : "Enter a valid 9-digit device ID"));
+        UiText(localization::Literal("请输入有效的 9 位设备 ID", localization_language_index_)));
     return;
   }
   ui_->main->set_connection_input_error("");
@@ -5330,41 +5309,31 @@ bool GuiApplication::AddGalleryDevice(const std::string& input,
                                       const std::string& password,
                                       const std::string& group,
                                       bool remember_password) {
-  const auto error = [this](const char* zh, const char* en, const char* ru) {
+  const auto error = [this](const char* zh) {
     ui_->wall->set_gallery_notice(UiText(
-        localization_language_index_ == 0 ? zh
-        : localization_language_index_ == 2 ? ru : en));
+        localization::Literal(zh, localization_language_index_).c_str()));
     return false;
   };
   const auto id = gallery::Workspace::NormalizeId(input);
   if (!gallery::Workspace::ValidId(id))
-    return error("请输入有效的 9 位设备 ID",
-                 "Enter a valid 9-digit device ID",
-                 "Введите корректный 9-значный ID устройства");
+    return error("请输入有效的 9 位设备 ID");
   if (password.empty() || password.size() > 6 ||
       password.find_first_not_of(
           "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz") !=
           std::string::npos)
-    return error("请输入 1–6 位英文字母或数字密码",
-                 "Use 1–6 letters (A–Z, a–z) or digits (0–9)",
-                 "Пароль: 1–6 латинских букв или цифр");
+    return error("请输入 1–6 位英文字母或数字密码");
   if (!signal_connected_)
-    return error("尚未连接服务器，请稍后重试",
-                 "Not connected to the server; try again shortly",
-                 "Нет соединения с сервером. Повторите позже");
+    return error("尚未连接服务器，请稍后重试");
   using State = SlintUi::BatchOperation::State;
   for (const auto& operation : ui_->batch_operations)
     if (operation.id == id && operation.action == "connect" &&
         (operation.state == State::Queued || operation.state == State::Running))
-      return error("该设备正在连接，请稍候",
-                   "This device is already connecting",
-                   "Устройство уже подключается");
+      return error("该设备正在连接，请稍候");
 
   auto updated = ui_->gallery;
   updated.Add(id, Trim(group));
   if (!updated.Save(ui_->gallery_path))
-    return error("保存失败，请重试", "Could not save; try again",
-                 "Не удалось сохранить. Повторите попытку");
+    return error("保存失败，请重试");
   ui_->gallery = std::move(updated);
   ui_->gallery_hidden_active_ids.erase(id);
   if (auto props = FindRemoteSession(id)) {
@@ -5406,9 +5375,7 @@ bool GuiApplication::ImportGalleryRecent(const std::string& input_group) {
   updated.AddMany(ids, group);
   if (!updated.Save(ui_->gallery_path)) {
     ui_->wall->set_gallery_notice(UiText(
-        localization_language_index_ == 0 ? "保存失败，请重试"
-        : localization_language_index_ == 2 ? "Не удалось сохранить. Повторите попытку"
-                                            : "Could not save; try again"));
+        localization::Literal("保存失败，请重试", localization_language_index_)));
     return false;
   }
   ui_->gallery = std::move(updated);
@@ -5488,9 +5455,7 @@ bool GuiApplication::SaveDeviceGroups(const std::string& new_group,
   auto updated = ui_->gallery;
   if (!updated.SetGroups(id, names) || !updated.Save(ui_->gallery_path)) {
     main->set_device_group_error(UiText(
-        localization_language_index_ == 0 ? "保存失败，请重试"
-        : localization_language_index_ == 2 ? "Не удалось сохранить. Повторите попытку"
-                                            : "Could not save; try again"));
+        localization::Literal("保存失败，请重试", localization_language_index_)));
     return false;
   }
   // Removing an empty group shifts indices. Retain the filter by name instead
@@ -5528,10 +5493,8 @@ void GuiApplication::GalleryAction(const std::string& action,
     ui_->gallery_network_synced = {};
     return;
   }
-  const auto tr = [this](const char* zh, const char* en, const char* ru) {
-    return UiText(localization_language_index_ == 0   ? zh
-                  : localization_language_index_ == 2 ? ru
-                                                      : en);
+  const auto tr = [this](const char* zh) {
+    return UiText(localization::Literal(zh, localization_language_index_).c_str());
   };
   if (action == "recent-open") {
     ReleaseControl();
@@ -5749,7 +5712,7 @@ void GuiApplication::GalleryAction(const std::string& action,
       SyncGallery();
     };
     if (action == "file") {
-      OpenFileDialog(std::string(tr("选择分发文件", "Select a file to send", "Выберите файл для отправки")),
+      OpenFileDialog(std::string(tr("选择分发文件")),
           [enqueue](std::string file) {
             if (!file.empty()) enqueue(file);
           });
@@ -6026,11 +5989,8 @@ void GuiApplication::SyncGallery() {
     ui_->wall->set_gallery_recent_available(available);
     ui_->wall->set_gallery_recent_selected(selected);
   }
-  const auto tr = [this](const char* zh, const char* en,
-                         const char* ru) -> std::string {
-    return localization_language_index_ == 0   ? zh
-           : localization_language_index_ == 2 ? ru
-                                               : en;
+  const auto tr = [this](const char* zh) -> std::string {
+    return localization::Literal(zh, localization_language_index_).c_str();
   };
   const auto name = [this](const std::string& id) {
     for (const auto& [_, recent] : recent_connections_)
@@ -6070,10 +6030,10 @@ void GuiApplication::SyncGallery() {
       device.id = UiText(FormatPeerId(id.c_str()));
       const auto mode = props->traversal_mode_.load();
       device.mode = UiText(mode == TraversalMode::P2P
-          ? tr("直连", "Direct", "Прямой")
+          ? tr("直连")
           : mode == TraversalMode::UnknownMode
-              ? tr("等待统计", "Awaiting stats", "Ожидание статистики")
-              : tr("中继", "Relay", "Ретрансляция"));
+              ? tr("等待统计")
+              : tr("中继"));
       device.inbound = device.outbound = device.loss = "—";
       device.video_latency = "—";
       // Prefer the wall's own frame path. An independently displayed stream
@@ -6241,7 +6201,7 @@ void GuiApplication::SyncGallery() {
     label += member.group;
   }
   std::vector<slint::SharedString> groups{
-      UiText(tr("全部设备", "All devices", "Все устройства"))};
+      UiText(tr("全部设备"))};
   for (const auto& group : wall.groups) groups.push_back(UiText(group));
   const auto old_groups = ui_->wall->get_gallery_groups();
   bool changed_groups = !old_groups || old_groups->row_count() != groups.size();
@@ -6325,8 +6285,8 @@ void GuiApplication::SyncGallery() {
     tile.online = tile.connected || online.value_or(false);
     tile.presence_known = tile.connected || online.has_value();
     tile.status = UiText(
-        tile.connected ? tr("等待画面", "Waiting for video", "Ожидание видео")
-                       : tr("未连接", "Not connected", "Нет соединения"));
+        tile.connected ? tr("等待画面")
+                       : tr("未连接"));
     const bool queued = !tile.connected && std::any_of(
         ui_->batch_operations.begin(), ui_->batch_operations.end(),
         [&](const auto& operation) {
@@ -6335,9 +6295,9 @@ void GuiApplication::SyncGallery() {
         });
     // A queued retry takes precedence over errors from the previous session.
     if (queued)
-      tile.status = UiText(tr("队列中", "Queued", "В очереди"));
+      tile.status = UiText(tr("队列中"));
     else if (props && props->connection_auth_.Get().password_required)
-      tile.status = UiText(tr("需要密码", "Password required", "Нужен пароль"));
+      tile.status = UiText(tr("需要密码"));
     else if (props && !tile.connected)
       tile.status = UiText(ConnectionStatusText(
           props->connection_status_.load(), localization_language_index_));
@@ -6365,8 +6325,8 @@ void GuiApplication::SyncGallery() {
         tile.has_frame = true;
         tile.stale = now - props->gallery_frame_at_ > 5s;
         tile.status =
-            UiText(tile.stale ? tr("画面已停留", "Frame stale", "Кадр устарел")
-                              : tr("只读预览", "View only", "Просмотр"));
+            UiText(tile.stale ? tr("画面已停留")
+                              : tr("只读预览"));
       }
     }
     return tile;

apps/desktop/src/gui/assets/localization/localization.h

@@ -1,116 +1,91 @@
-/*
- * @Author: DI JUNKUN
- * @Date: 2024-05-29
- * Copyright (c) 2024 by DI JUNKUN, All Rights Reserved.
- */
-#ifndef _LOCALIZATION_H_
-#define _LOCALIZATION_H_
-
+/*
+ * @Author: DI JUNKUN
+ * @Date: 2024-05-29
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 by DI JUNKUN, All Rights Reserved.
+ */
+#ifndef _LOCALIZATION_H_
+#define _LOCALIZATION_H_
+
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "localization_data.h"
+#include "system_language.h"
 
 #if _WIN32
 #include <Windows.h>
 #endif
-
-namespace crossdesk {
-namespace localization {
-
+
+namespace crossdesk {
+namespace localization {
+
 struct LanguageOption {
   std::string code;
   std::string display_name;
 };
 
 class LocalizedString {
- public:
-  constexpr explicit LocalizedString(const char* key) : key_(key) {}
-  const std::string& operator[](int language_index) const;
-
- private:
-  const char* key_;
-};
-
-inline const std::vector<LanguageOption>& GetSupportedLanguages() {
-  static const std::vector<LanguageOption> kSupportedLanguages = {
-      {"zh-CN", reinterpret_cast<const char*>(u8"中文")},
-      {"en-US", "English"},
-      {"ru-RU", reinterpret_cast<const char*>(u8"Русский")}};
-  return kSupportedLanguages;
-}
-
+ public:
+  constexpr explicit LocalizedString(const char* key) : key_(key) {}
+  const std::string& operator[](int language_index) const;
+
+ private:
+  const char* key_;
+};
+
+inline const std::vector<LanguageOption>& GetSupportedLanguages() {
+  static const std::vector<LanguageOption> kSupportedLanguages = {
+      {"zh-CN", "简体中文"}, {"en-US", "English"}, {"ru-RU", "Русский"},
+      {"zh-Hant", "繁體中文"}, {"ja", "日本語"}, {"ko", "한국어"},
+      {"de", "Deutsch"}, {"fr", "Français"}, {"es", "Español"},
+      {"pt-BR", "Português (Brasil)"}};
+  return kSupportedLanguages;
+}
+
 namespace detail {
 
 inline int ClampLanguageIndex(int language_index) {
-  if (language_index >= 0 &&
-      language_index < static_cast<int>(GetSupportedLanguages().size())) {
-    return language_index;
-  }
-  return 0;
+  if (language_index == kSystemLanguage) return SystemLanguage();
+  return language_index >= 0 && language_index < kSystemLanguage
+             ? language_index : kEnglishLanguage;
 }
 
-using TranslationTable =
-    std::unordered_map<std::string,
-                       std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>>;
-
-inline std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> MakeLocalizedValues(
-    const TranslationRow& row) {
-  return {{"zh-CN", reinterpret_cast<const char*>(row.zh)},
-          {"en-US", reinterpret_cast<const char*>(row.en)},
-          {"ru-RU", reinterpret_cast<const char*>(row.ru)}};
-}
-
-inline TranslationTable BuildTranslationTable() {
-  TranslationTable table;
-  for (const auto& row : kTranslationRows) {
-    table[row.key] = MakeLocalizedValues(row);
-  }
-
+using TranslationTable = std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>>;
+inline const TranslationTable& LiteralTable() {
+  static const TranslationTable table = [] {
+    TranslationTable result;
+    for (const auto& row : kTranslationRows)
+      result.emplace(row.key, std::vector<std::string>(std::begin(row.text), std::end(row.text)));
+    return result;
+  }();
   return table;
 }
-
-inline const TranslationTable& GetTranslationTable() {
-  static const TranslationTable table = BuildTranslationTable();
-  return table;
-}
-
-inline const std::string& GetTranslatedText(const std::string& key,
-                                            int language_index) {
-  static const std::string kEmptyText = "";
-
-  const auto& table = GetTranslationTable();
-  const auto key_it = table.find(key);
-  if (key_it == table.end()) {
-    return kEmptyText;
-  }
-
-  const auto& localized_values = key_it->second;
-  const std::string& language_code =
-      GetSupportedLanguages()[ClampLanguageIndex(language_index)].code;
-
-  const auto exact_it = localized_values.find(language_code);
-  if (exact_it != localized_values.end()) {
-    return exact_it->second;
-  }
-
-  const auto english_it = localized_values.find("en-US");
-  if (english_it != localized_values.end()) {
-    return english_it->second;
-  }
-
-  const auto chinese_it = localized_values.find("zh-CN");
-  if (chinese_it != localized_values.end()) {
-    return chinese_it->second;
-  }
-
-  return kEmptyText;
-}
-
-}  // namespace detail
-
+inline const std::string& GetLiteralText(const std::string& key, int language) {
+  static const std::string empty;
+  const auto it = LiteralTable().find(key);
+  if (it == LiteralTable().end()) return empty;
+  const auto& values = it->second;
+  return values[ClampLanguageIndex(language)];
+}
+inline const std::string& GetTranslatedText(const std::string& key, int language) {
+  static const std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> names = [] {
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> result;
+    for (const auto& row : kNamedTranslations) result.emplace(row.name, row.literal);
+    return result;
+  }();
+  static const std::string empty;
+  const auto it = names.find(key);
+  return it == names.end() ? empty : GetLiteralText(it->second, language);
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+inline const std::string& Literal(const std::string& key, int language) {
+  return detail::GetLiteralText(key, language);
+}
+
 inline const std::string& LocalizedString::operator[](
     int language_index) const {
   return detail::GetTranslatedText(key_, language_index);
@@ -130,11 +105,11 @@ inline std::string FormatDisplayLabel(size_t display_index,
   return label;
 }
 
-#define CROSSDESK_DECLARE_LOCALIZED_STRING(name, zh, en, ru) \
-  inline const LocalizedString name(#name);
-CROSSDESK_LOCALIZATION_ALL(CROSSDESK_DECLARE_LOCALIZED_STRING)
-#undef CROSSDESK_DECLARE_LOCALIZED_STRING
-
+#define CROSSDESK_DECLARE_LOCALIZED_STRING(name) \
+  inline const LocalizedString name(#name);
+CROSSDESK_LOCALIZATION_ALL(CROSSDESK_DECLARE_LOCALIZED_STRING)
+#undef CROSSDESK_DECLARE_LOCALIZED_STRING
+
 #if _WIN32
 inline const wchar_t* GetWindowsLocalizedLabel(
     int language_index, const char* key, const wchar_t* fallback,
@@ -187,8 +162,8 @@ inline const wchar_t* GetExitProgramLabel(int language_index) {
                                   cache);
 }
 #endif
-
-}  // namespace localization
-}  // namespace crossdesk
-
-#endif
+
+}  // namespace localization
+}  // namespace crossdesk
+
+#endif

apps/desktop/src/gui/assets/localization/system_language.h

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/*
+ * @Author: DI JUNKUN
+ * @Date: 2026-10-27
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 by DI JUNKUN, All Rights Reserved.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SYSTEM_LANGUAGE_H_
+#define _SYSTEM_LANGUAGE_H_
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#include <Windows.h>
+#elif defined(__APPLE__)
+#include <CoreFoundation/CoreFoundation.h>
+#endif
+
+namespace crossdesk {
+namespace localization {
+
+inline constexpr int kSystemLanguage = 10;
+inline constexpr int kEnglishLanguage = 1;
+
+// Keep 0/1/2 compatible with existing Chinese/English/Russian config files.
+inline int MatchLanguage(std::string tag) {
+  for (char& c : tag) {
+    if (c == '_') c = '-';
+    else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') c += 'a' - 'A';
+  }
+  tag = tag.substr(0, tag.find_first_of(".@"));
+  const auto base = tag.substr(0, tag.find('-'));
+  if (base == "zh") {
+    const auto parts = "-" + tag + "-";
+    if (parts.find("-hans-") != std::string::npos) return 0;
+    return parts.find("-hant-") != std::string::npos ||
+                   parts.find("-tw-") != std::string::npos ||
+                   parts.find("-hk-") != std::string::npos ||
+                   parts.find("-mo-") != std::string::npos ? 3 : 0;
+  }
+  const char* codes[] = {"zh", "en", "ru", "zh", "ja", "ko", "de", "fr", "es", "pt"};
+  for (int i = 1; i < kSystemLanguage; ++i)
+    if (i != 3 && base == codes[i]) return i;
+  if (base == "c" || base == "posix") return kEnglishLanguage;
+  return -1;
+}
+
+inline int MatchPreferredLanguages(const std::vector<std::string>& tags) {
+  for (const auto& tag : tags) {
+    const int match = MatchLanguage(tag);
+    if (match >= 0) return match;
+  }
+  return kEnglishLanguage;
+}
+
+inline int DetectSystemLanguage() {
+  std::vector<std::string> tags;
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+  ULONG count = 0, length = 0;
+  GetUserPreferredUILanguages(MUI_LANGUAGE_NAME, &count, nullptr, &length);
+  std::vector<wchar_t> names(length);
+  if (length && GetUserPreferredUILanguages(MUI_LANGUAGE_NAME, &count, names.data(), &length)) {
+    for (const wchar_t* name = names.data(); *name; name += wcslen(name) + 1) {
+      std::string tag;
+      for (const wchar_t* c = name; *c; ++c) tag += static_cast<char>(*c);
+      tags.push_back(tag);
+    }
+  }
+#elif defined(__APPLE__)
+  if (CFArrayRef names = CFLocaleCopyPreferredLanguages()) {
+    for (CFIndex i = 0; i < CFArrayGetCount(names); ++i) {
+      char tag[128] = {};
+      auto name = static_cast<CFStringRef>(CFArrayGetValueAtIndex(names, i));
+      if (CFStringGetCString(name, tag, sizeof(tag), kCFStringEncodingUTF8)) tags.emplace_back(tag);
+    }
+    CFRelease(names);
+  }
+#else
+  // The Harmony desktop host supplies LANGUAGE from the system i18n API.
+  const char* locale = std::getenv("LC_ALL");
+  if (!locale || !*locale) locale = std::getenv("LC_MESSAGES");
+  if (!locale || !*locale) locale = std::getenv("LANG");
+  if (locale && (std::string(locale) == "C" || std::string(locale) == "POSIX")) return kEnglishLanguage;
+  if (const char* preferred = std::getenv("LANGUAGE")) {
+    std::string list(preferred);
+    size_t start = 0;
+    do {
+      const auto end = list.find(':', start);
+      tags.push_back(list.substr(start, end - start));
+      if (end == std::string::npos) break;
+      start = end + 1;
+    } while (start < list.size());
+  }
+  if (locale) tags.emplace_back(locale);
+#endif
+  return MatchPreferredLanguages(tags);
+}
+
+inline int SystemLanguage() {
+  // Language changes take effect on the next application launch; explicit
+  // application preferences always win over this process-wide default.
+  static const int language = DetectSystemLanguage();
+  return language;
+}
+
+}  // namespace localization
+}  // namespace crossdesk
+
+#endif

apps/desktop/src/gui/features/settings/settings_manager.cpp

@@ -461,8 +461,7 @@ int SettingsManager::Load() {
       std::make_shared<Thumbnail>(owner_.cache_path_ + "/thumbnails/",
                                   owner_.aes128_key_, owner_.aes128_iv_);
 
-  owner_.language_button_value_ = localization::detail::ClampLanguageIndex(
-      static_cast<int>(owner_.config_center_->GetLanguage()));
+  owner_.language_button_value_ = static_cast<int>(owner_.config_center_->GetLanguage());
   owner_.video_encode_format_button_value_ =
       static_cast<int>(owner_.config_center_->GetVideoEncodeFormat());
   owner_.enable_self_hosted_ = owner_.config_center_->IsSelfHosted();

apps/desktop/src/gui/ui/about_panel.slint

@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ export struct AboutComponent {
 }
 
 export global AboutStrings {
-    out property <string> software-license: GalleryStrings.tr("软件许可", "Software license", "Лицензия программы");
-    out property <string> components: GalleryStrings.tr("开源组件", "Open-source components", "Компоненты с открытым кодом");
-    out property <string> source: GalleryStrings.tr("源码与构建说明", "Source code and build instructions", "Исходный код и сборка");
-    out property <string> notices: GalleryStrings.tr("许可与版权声明", "Licenses and copyright notices", "Лицензии и авторские права");
-    out property <string> view-source: GalleryStrings.tr("查看源码", "View source code", "Открыть исходный код");
-    out property <string> back: GalleryStrings.tr("返回", "Back", "Назад");
+    out property <string> software-license: GalleryStrings.texts[130];
+    out property <string> components: GalleryStrings.texts[131];
+    out property <string> source: GalleryStrings.texts[132];
+    out property <string> notices: GalleryStrings.texts[133];
+    out property <string> view-source: GalleryStrings.texts[134];
+    out property <string> back: GalleryStrings.texts[135];
 }
 
 export component AboutNavigationGroup inherits FlatSurface {
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ export component AboutPanel inherits SettingsDialog {
             if root.page == AboutPage.components: VerticalLayout {
                 padding: 0px; spacing: 10px;
                 Text {
-                    text: GalleryStrings.tr("以下列出本版本的主要开源组件。各组件遵循各自的开源许可。", "Main open-source components used in this build. Each component is covered by its own license.", "Основные открытые компоненты этой сборки. Каждый распространяется по своей лицензии.");
+                    text: GalleryStrings.texts[136];
                     color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; font-size: 12px; wrap: word-wrap;
                 }
                 Rectangle {
@@ -146,9 +146,9 @@ export component AboutPanel inherits SettingsDialog {
                     notice := VerticalLayout {
                         x: 16px; y: 16px; width: parent.width - 32px;
                         height: self.preferred-height; spacing: 12px;
-                        Text { text: GalleryStrings.tr("OpenFEC 告知", "OpenFEC notice", "Уведомление OpenFEC"); color: WorkbenchStyle.text; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; }
+                        Text { text: GalleryStrings.texts[137]; color: WorkbenchStyle.text; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; }
                         Text {
-                            text: GalleryStrings.tr("本应用使用 OpenFEC 提供前向纠错功能，遵循 CeCILL-C 1.0 许可。该许可规定了有限保证及责任限制，详情见许可全文。", "This application uses OpenFEC for forward error correction under CeCILL-C 1.0, which provides limited warranties and limits liability. See the full license for details.", "Приложение использует OpenFEC для прямого исправления ошибок по лицензии CeCILL-C 1.0 с ограниченной гарантией и ответственностью. Подробности — в тексте лицензии.");
+                            text: GalleryStrings.texts[138];
                             color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; font-size: 13px; wrap: word-wrap;
                             font-family: "CrossDesk Message Spacing";
                         }
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ export component AboutPanel inherits SettingsDialog {
                             font-family: "CrossDesk Message Spacing";
                         }
                         if root.openfec-index >= 0: AboutNavigationRow {
-                            title: GalleryStrings.tr("OpenFEC 许可与源码", "OpenFEC license and source", "Лицензия и исходный код OpenFEC");
+                            title: GalleryStrings.texts[139];
                             clicked => { root.component-index = root.openfec-index; root.page = AboutPage.component; }
                         }
                     }
@@ -185,24 +185,24 @@ export component AboutPanel inherits SettingsDialog {
                     clicked => { root.document-index = index; root.page = AboutPage.document; }
                 }
                 if root.selected.documents.length == 0: Text {
-                    text: GalleryStrings.tr("本组件未内置许可文本，请通过“查看源码”查阅许可与版权声明。", "License text is not bundled for this component. Use View source code to read its license and copyright notices.", "Текст лицензии не включён. Откройте исходный код для просмотра лицензии и авторских прав.");
+                    text: GalleryStrings.texts[140];
                     color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; font-size: 12px; wrap: word-wrap;
                 }
             }
             if root.page == AboutPage.source: VerticalLayout {
                 padding: 0px; spacing: 12px;
                 Text {
-                    text: root.revision != "" ? GalleryStrings.tr("源码版本：", "Source revision: ", "Ревизия исходного кода: ") + root.revision
-                        : GalleryStrings.tr("本版本源码信息暂不可用。", "Source revision is unavailable for this build.", "Ревизия исходного кода этой сборки недоступна.");
+                    text: root.revision != "" ? GalleryStrings.texts[141] + root.revision
+                        : GalleryStrings.texts[142];
                     color: WorkbenchStyle.text; font-size: 13px; wrap: word-wrap;
                 }
                 AboutNavigationRow { title: AboutStrings.view-source; external: true; clicked => { root.open-link(root.source-url); } }
                 AboutNavigationRow {
-                    title: GalleryStrings.tr("构建说明", "Build instructions", "Инструкции по сборке"); external: true;
+                    title: GalleryStrings.texts[143]; external: true;
                     clicked => { root.open-link(root.build-url); }
                 }
                 AboutNavigationRow {
-                    title: GalleryStrings.tr("项目主页", "Project website", "Сайт проекта"); external: true;
+                    title: GalleryStrings.texts[144]; external: true;
                     clicked => { root.open-link("https://crossdesk.cn"); }
                 }
             }

apps/desktop/src/gui/ui/device_card_actions.slint

@@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ export component DeviceCardActions inherits Rectangle {
         spacing: 0px;
         CardAction {
             icon: FontAwesomeIcons.pen;
-            tooltip: GalleryStrings.tr("修改名称", "Rename", "Переименовать");
+            tooltip: GalleryStrings.texts[35];
             clicked => { root.edit-alias(); }
         }
         CardAction {
             icon: FontAwesomeIcons.tags;
-            tooltip: GalleryStrings.tr("修改分组", "Edit groups", "Изменить группы");
+            tooltip: GalleryStrings.texts[30];
             clicked => { root.edit-groups(); }
         }
         CardAction {
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ export component DeviceCardActions inherits Rectangle {
         CardAction {
             icon: root.connected ? FontAwesomeIcons.xmark : FontAwesomeIcons.arrow-right-long;
             icon-size: 13px;
-            tooltip: root.connected ? GalleryStrings.tr("断开", "Disconnect", "Отключить") : GalleryStrings.tr("连接", "Connect", "Подключить");
+            tooltip: root.connected ? GalleryStrings.texts[36] : GalleryStrings.texts[37];
             clicked => {
                 if root.connected { root.disconnect-device(); }
                 else { root.connect-device(); }

apps/desktop/src/gui/ui/device_group_dialog.slint

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ export component DeviceGroupDialog inherits Rectangle {
         TouchArea {}
         Text {
             x: 18px; y: 16px; height: 24px;
-            text: GalleryStrings.tr("修改分组", "Edit groups", "Изменить группы");
+            text: GalleryStrings.texts[30];
             color: #24272d; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 600;
         }
         Text {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ export component DeviceGroupDialog inherits Rectangle {
                         }
                         Text {
                             x: 39px; width: parent.width - 48px; height: parent.height;
-                            text: option.name == "" ? GalleryStrings.tr("未分组", "Ungrouped", "Без группы") : option.name;
+                            text: option.name == "" ? GalleryStrings.texts[31] : option.name;
                             color: parent.selected ? ControlStyle.selected-text : #30343b;
                             font-weight: parent.selected ? 600 : 400;
                             font-size: 12px; overflow: elide; vertical-alignment: center;
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ export component DeviceGroupDialog inherits Rectangle {
             x: 18px; y: group-list.y + group-list.height + 12px;
             width: parent.width - 36px; height: 30px;
             text <=> root.new-group;
-            placeholder-text: GalleryStrings.tr("新建分组（可选）", "New group (optional)", "Новая группа (необязательно)");
+            placeholder-text: GalleryStrings.texts[32];
         }
         if root.error != "": Text {
             x: 18px; y: group-list.y + group-list.height + 48px;
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ export component DeviceGroupDialog inherits Rectangle {
             x: 18px; y: parent.height - 46px; width: parent.width - 36px; height: 28px;
             spacing: 10px;
             Rectangle { horizontal-stretch: 1; }
-            CompactButton { width: 72px; height: 28px; text: GalleryStrings.tr("取消", "Cancel", "Отмена"); clicked => { root.cancel(); } }
-            CompactButton { width: 88px; height: 28px; primary: true; text: GalleryStrings.tr("保存", "Save", "Сохранить"); clicked => { root.save(root.new-group); } }
+            CompactButton { width: 72px; height: 28px; text: GalleryStrings.texts[33]; clicked => { root.cancel(); } }
+            CompactButton { width: 88px; height: 28px; primary: true; text: GalleryStrings.texts[34]; clicked => { root.save(root.new-group); } }
         }
     }
 }

apps/desktop/src/gui/ui/device_strings.slint

@@ -1,10 +1,24 @@
 export global GalleryStrings {
     in-out property <int> language: 0;
+    in-out property <[string]> texts;
+    in-out property <string> retry-prefix;
+    in-out property <string> retry-suffix;
+    public pure function retry-after(seconds: int) -> string {
+        return self.retry-prefix + seconds + self.retry-suffix;
+    }
+    // Compatibility for embedding callers with their own three-language text.
     public pure function tr(zh: string, en: string, ru: string) -> string {
         return self.language == 0 ? zh : self.language == 2 ? ru : en;
     }
     public pure function device-count(count: int) -> string {
         if self.language == 0 { return count + " 台设备"; }
+        if self.language == 3 { return count + " 臺裝置"; }
+        if self.language == 4 { return count + " 台"; }
+        if self.language == 5 { return count + "개 기기"; }
+        if self.language == 6 { return count + (count == 1 ? " Gerät" : " Geräte"); }
+        if self.language == 7 { return count + (count == 1 ? " appareil" : " appareils"); }
+        if self.language == 8 { return count + (count == 1 ? " dispositivo" : " dispositivos"); }
+        if self.language == 9 { return count + (count == 1 ? " dispositivo" : " dispositivos"); }
         if self.language == 2 {
             let last-two = mod(count, 100);
             let last = mod(count, 10);

apps/desktop/src/gui/ui/gallery_network_dialog.slint

@@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ component NetworkRow inherits Rectangle {
                     encryption-text := Text {
                         x: 6px; width: parent.width - 12px; height: parent.height;
                         text: !root.device.encryption-known
-                            ? GalleryStrings.tr("待确认", "Unknown", "Неизвестно")
+                            ? GalleryStrings.texts[38]
                             : root.device.encryption-enabled
-                                ? GalleryStrings.tr("已加密", "Encrypted", "Зашифровано")
-                                : GalleryStrings.tr("未加密", "Unencrypted", "Без шифр.");
+                                ? GalleryStrings.texts[39]
+                                : GalleryStrings.texts[40];
                         color: !root.device.encryption-known ? #7a8490
                             : root.device.encryption-enabled ? #18794e : #8a6428;
                         font-size: 10px; horizontal-alignment: center;
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ component NetworkRow inherits Rectangle {
             Text {
                 y: root.heading ? 0px : 8px; height: root.heading ? parent.height : 20px;
                 width: parent.width;
-                text: root.heading ? GalleryStrings.tr("画面", "Video", "Видео") : root.device.resolution;
+                text: root.heading ? GalleryStrings.texts[41] : root.device.resolution;
                 font-size: root.heading ? 11px : 12px; font-weight: root.heading ? 600 : 400;
                 color: root.heading ? #6b7785 : #293746;
                 vertical-alignment: center; overflow: elide;
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ component NetworkRow inherits Rectangle {
             width: max(100px, root.width * 0.18);
             if root.heading: Text {
                 x: 0px; width: parent.width;
-                text: GalleryStrings.tr("收发速率", "Transfer rate", "Скорость");
+                text: GalleryStrings.texts[42];
                 font-size: 11px; font-weight: 600; color: #6b7785;
                 vertical-alignment: center; overflow: elide;
             }
@@ -126,14 +126,14 @@ component NetworkRow inherits Rectangle {
             Text {
                 y: root.heading ? 0px : 8px; height: root.heading ? parent.height : 20px;
                 width: parent.width;
-                text: root.heading ? GalleryStrings.tr("视频延时", "Video latency", "Задержка видео") : root.device.video-latency;
+                text: root.heading ? GalleryStrings.texts[43] : root.device.video-latency;
                 font-size: root.heading ? 11px : 12px; font-weight: root.heading ? 600 : 400;
                 color: root.heading ? #6b7785 : #293746;
                 vertical-alignment: center; overflow: elide;
             }
             if !root.heading: Text {
                 y: 30px; height: 17px; width: parent.width;
-                text: GalleryStrings.tr("丢包  ", "Loss  ", "Потери  ") + root.device.loss;
+                text: GalleryStrings.texts[44] + root.device.loss;
                 font-size: 11px; color: #7a8490;
                 vertical-alignment: center; overflow: elide;
             }
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ component NetworkRow inherits Rectangle {
             width: (parent.width - 12px) / 2;
             encoder-label := Text {
                 height: parent.height; width: self.preferred-width;
-                text: GalleryStrings.tr("被控端编码器  ", "Remote encoder  ", "Удалённый кодер  ");
+                text: GalleryStrings.texts[45];
                 font-size: 10px; color: #586f87; vertical-alignment: center;
             }
             ScrollingText {
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ component NetworkRow inherits Rectangle {
             width: (parent.width - 12px) / 2;
             decoder-label := Text {
                 height: parent.height; width: self.preferred-width;
-                text: GalleryStrings.tr("控制端解码器  ", "Local decoder  ", "Локальный декодер  ");
+                text: GalleryStrings.texts[46];
                 font-size: 10px; color: #586f87; vertical-alignment: center;
             }
             ScrollingText {
@@ -182,11 +182,11 @@ component NetworkEmptyState inherits Rectangle {
     VerticalLayout {
         alignment: center; spacing: 8px;
         Text {
-            text: GalleryStrings.tr("暂无已连接设备", "No connected devices", "Нет подключённых устройств");
+            text: GalleryStrings.texts[47];
             font-size: 13px; color: #596878; horizontal-alignment: center;
         }
         Text {
-            text: GalleryStrings.tr("建立连接后，网络和画面信息将在此显示", "Network and video details appear here once connected", "После подключения здесь появятся данные сети и видео");
+            text: GalleryStrings.texts[48];
             font-size: 11px; color: #8a95a1; horizontal-alignment: center;
         }
     }
@@ -216,25 +216,25 @@ export component GalleryNetworkDialog inherits Rectangle {
         }
         Text {
             x: 20px; y: 17px; width: parent.width - 120px; height: 24px;
-            text: GalleryStrings.tr("设备网络状态", "Device network status", "Состояние сети устройств");
+            text: GalleryStrings.texts[49];
             font-size: 17px; font-weight: 600; color: #293746;
         }
         CompactButton {
             border-radius: UiRadius.control;
             x: parent.width - 80px; y: 17px; width: 60px; height: 26px;
-            text: GalleryStrings.tr("关闭", "Close", "Закрыть"); clicked => { root.close(); }
+            text: GalleryStrings.texts[50]; clicked => { root.close(); }
         }
         Text {
             x: 20px; y: 48px; width: parent.width - 40px; height: 18px;
-            text: GalleryStrings.tr("已连接设备 ", "Connected devices ", "Подключённые устройства ") + root.devices.length
-                + GalleryStrings.tr(" 台", "", "");
+            text: GalleryStrings.texts[51] + root.devices.length
+                + GalleryStrings.texts[52];
             font-size: 11px; color: #7a8490; overflow: elide;
         }
         NetworkRow {
             x: 12px; y: 78px; width: parent.width - 38px; height: 30px;
             heading: true; background: #f3f5f8; border-radius: UiRadius.control;
             device: {
-                name: GalleryStrings.tr("设备 / ID", "Device / ID", "Устройство / ID"),
+                name: GalleryStrings.texts[53],
             };
         }
         list := ScrollView {

apps/desktop/src/gui/ui/gallery_settings.slint

@@ -9,31 +9,31 @@ export component GallerySettings inherits Rectangle {
     in property <string> error;
     SettingsGroup {
         y: 0px; width: parent.width;
-        title: GalleryStrings.tr("画面传输", "Video transmission", "Передача видео"); rows: 3;
+        title: GalleryStrings.texts[145]; rows: 3;
         SettingsRow {
-            label: GalleryStrings.tr("分辨率上限", "Resolution limit", "Макс. разрешение");
+            label: GalleryStrings.texts[146];
             label-reserve: self.width - 112px;
             SettingsSelect {
                 border-radius: UiRadius.control;
                 x: 136px; y: 4px; width: parent.width - 150px;
                 current-index <=> root.resolution-index;
-                model: [GalleryStrings.tr("自动", "Auto", "Авто"),
+                model: [GalleryStrings.texts[147],
                     "320 × 180", "640 × 360", "1280 × 720", "1920 × 1080", "2560 × 1440", "3840 × 2160",
-                    GalleryStrings.tr("原始分辨率", "Original resolution", "Исходное разрешение")];
+                    GalleryStrings.texts[148]];
             }
         }
         SettingsRow {
-            label: GalleryStrings.tr("帧率", "Frame rate", "Частота кадров");
+            label: GalleryStrings.texts[149];
             label-reserve: self.width - 112px;
             SettingsSelect {
                 border-radius: UiRadius.control;
                 x: 136px; y: 4px; width: parent.width - 150px;
                 current-index <=> root.frame-rate-index;
-                model: [GalleryStrings.tr("跟随设备设置", "Follow device settings", "Настройки устройства"), "15 FPS", "30 FPS", "60 FPS"];
+                model: [GalleryStrings.texts[150], "15 FPS", "30 FPS", "60 FPS"];
             }
         }
         SettingsRow {
-            label: GalleryStrings.tr("视频总带宽", "Total bandwidth", "Общий битрейт");
+            label: GalleryStrings.texts[151];
             label-reserve: self.width - 112px; divider: false;
             SettingsSelect {
                 border-radius: UiRadius.control;

apps/desktop/src/gui/ui/gallery_view.slint

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
     in property <int> count: 0;
     in property <int> connected-count: 0;
     private property <string> connected-summary: root.connected-count + " / " + root.count
-        + GalleryStrings.tr(" 台已连接", " connected", " подключено");
+        + GalleryStrings.texts[152];
     callback network-open;
     in property <int> selected-count: 0;
     in property <bool> selected-audio-available: false;
@@ -297,10 +297,10 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
             add-menu := GalleryMenuButton {
                 horizontal-padding: root.toolbar-button-padding;
                 width: self.preferred-button-width;
-                text: GalleryStrings.tr("添加", "Add", "Добавить"); menu-width: 232px;
+                text: GalleryStrings.texts[153]; menu-width: 232px;
                 items: [
-                    {label: GalleryStrings.tr("通过设备 ID 添加", "Add by device ID", "Добавить по ID устройства"), enabled: true},
-                    {label: GalleryStrings.tr("从近期连接添加", "Add from recent", "Добавить из недавних"), enabled: true},
+                    {label: GalleryStrings.texts[154], enabled: true},
+                    {label: GalleryStrings.texts[155], enabled: true},
                 ];
                 opened => { root.device-tooltip-id = ""; root.action("release", ""); }
                 selected(index) => {
@@ -316,12 +316,12 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
                 horizontal-stretch: 1; min-width: 0px;
                 Text {
                     x: 0px; y: 0px; width: parent.width; height: root.hidden-selected > 0 ? 13px : parent.height;
-                    text: GalleryStrings.tr("已选 ", "Selected ", "Выбрано ") + root.selected-count + GalleryStrings.tr(" 台", "", "");
+                    text: GalleryStrings.texts[156] + root.selected-count + GalleryStrings.texts[52];
                     color: #62666d; vertical-alignment: center; font-size: 11px; overflow: elide;
                 }
                 if root.hidden-selected > 0: Text {
                     y: 14px; width: parent.width; height: 10px;
-                    text: GalleryStrings.tr("跨页 ", "Other pages ", "Вне страницы ") + root.hidden-selected;
+                    text: GalleryStrings.texts[157] + root.hidden-selected;
                     color: #80858d; font-size: 10px; overflow: elide;
                 }
             }
@@ -329,27 +329,27 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
                 horizontal-padding: root.toolbar-button-padding;
                 enabled: root.count > 0;
                 text: root.count > 0 && root.selected-count == root.count
-                    ? GalleryStrings.tr("取消全选", "Deselect all", "Снять выбор")
-                    : GalleryStrings.tr("全选", "Select all", "Выбрать все");
+                    ? GalleryStrings.texts[158]
+                    : GalleryStrings.texts[159];
                 alternate-text: root.count > 0 && root.selected-count == root.count
-                    ? GalleryStrings.tr("全选", "Select all", "Выбрать все")
-                    : GalleryStrings.tr("取消全选", "Deselect all", "Снять выбор");
+                    ? GalleryStrings.texts[159]
+                    : GalleryStrings.texts[158];
                 clicked => { root.action("all-select", ""); }
             }
-            GalleryToolbarButton { horizontal-padding: root.toolbar-button-padding; primary: true; enabled: root.selected-count > 0; text: GalleryStrings.tr("连接", "Connect", "Подключить"); clicked => { root.action("connect", ""); } }
-            GalleryToolbarButton { horizontal-padding: root.toolbar-button-padding; enabled: root.selected-count > 0; text: GalleryStrings.tr("断开", "Disconnect", "Отключить"); clicked => { root.confirm-action("disconnect", self.text); } }
+            GalleryToolbarButton { horizontal-padding: root.toolbar-button-padding; primary: true; enabled: root.selected-count > 0; text: GalleryStrings.texts[37]; clicked => { root.action("connect", ""); } }
+            GalleryToolbarButton { horizontal-padding: root.toolbar-button-padding; enabled: root.selected-count > 0; text: GalleryStrings.texts[36]; clicked => { root.confirm-action("disconnect", self.text); } }
             batch-menu := GalleryMenuButton {
                 horizontal-padding: root.toolbar-button-padding;
                 width: self.preferred-button-width; enabled: root.selected-count > 0;
-                text: GalleryStrings.tr("更多", "More", "Ещё");
+                text: GalleryStrings.texts[68];
                 items: [
-                    {label: root.selected-audio-muted ? GalleryStrings.tr("取消静音", "Unmute", "Со звуком") : GalleryStrings.tr("静音", "Mute", "Без звука"), enabled: root.selected-audio-available},
-                    {label: GalleryStrings.tr("分发文件", "Send file", "Отправить файл"), enabled: root.selected-count > 0},
+                    {label: root.selected-audio-muted ? GalleryStrings.texts[160] : GalleryStrings.texts[161], enabled: root.selected-audio-available},
+                    {label: GalleryStrings.texts[162], enabled: root.selected-count > 0},
                 ];
                 opened => { root.device-tooltip-id = ""; root.action("release", ""); }
                 selected(index) => {
                     if index == 0 { root.action(root.selected-audio-muted ? "unmute" : "mute", ""); }
-                    else { root.confirm-action("file", GalleryStrings.tr("分发文件", "Send file", "Отправить файл")); }
+                    else { root.confirm-action("file", GalleryStrings.texts[162]); }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -357,8 +357,8 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
             x: parent.width - self.width; y: 0px;
             horizontal-padding: root.toolbar-button-padding;
             primary: root.batch;
-            alternate-text: GalleryStrings.tr("选择", "Select", "Выбрать");
-            text: root.batch ? GalleryStrings.tr("完成", "Done", "Готово") : GalleryStrings.tr("选择", "Select", "Выбрать");
+            alternate-text: GalleryStrings.texts[163];
+            text: root.batch ? GalleryStrings.texts[164] : GalleryStrings.texts[163];
             clicked => { root.batch = !root.batch; root.action("selection", ""); }
         }
     }
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
         function show-hint() {
             if self.has-hover && !self.pressed && (self.edge-x != 0 || self.edge-y != 0) {
                 root.device-tooltip-id = "resize-grid";
-                root.device-tooltip-text = GalleryStrings.tr("拖动表格分隔线，同步调整所有设备大小", "Drag a table divider to resize all devices", "Потяните за разделитель таблицы, чтобы изменить размер всех устройств");
+                root.device-tooltip-text = GalleryStrings.texts[165];
                 root.device-tooltip-x = grid.x + self.mouse-x;
                 root.device-tooltip-y = grid.y + self.mouse-y + 16px;
             } else if root.device-tooltip-id == "resize-grid" { root.device-tooltip-id = ""; }
@@ -461,8 +461,8 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
             else if root.drag-source != "" { root.move-device-drag(self.mouse-x, self.mouse-y); }
         }
         for tile[index] in root.tiles: tile-card := Rectangle {
-            private property <string> presence: tile.online ? GalleryStrings.tr("在线", "Online", "В сети")
-                : tile.presence-known ? GalleryStrings.tr("离线", "Offline", "Не в сети") : GalleryStrings.tr("未知", "Unknown", "Неизвестно");
+            private property <string> presence: tile.online ? GalleryStrings.texts[166]
+                : tile.presence-known ? GalleryStrings.texts[167] : GalleryStrings.texts[100];
             private property <string> details: tile.name + "\n" + tile.host-name + "\nID: " + tile.id + "\n" + tile.group-names + "\n" + self.presence;
             accessible-role: button; accessible-label: self.details;
             accessible-action-default => { root.action(root.batch && !root.simplified ? "select" : "focus", tile.id); }
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
                 changed over-actions => { if self.has-hover { self.show-details(); } }
                 if tile-touch.has-hover && !root.dragging && !root.resizing && !root.batch && !root.simplified: DeviceCardActions {
                     x: parent.width - self.width; y: parent.height - 23px;
-                    remove-label: GalleryStrings.tr("从桌面墙移除", "Remove from DeskHub", "Убрать из DeskHub");
+                    remove-label: GalleryStrings.texts[168];
                     connected: tile.connected;
                     edit-alias => { root.action("release", ""); root.edit-alias(tile.id, tile.name); }
                     edit-groups => { root.edit-groups(tile.id, tile.name); }
@@ -557,8 +557,8 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
         }
         if root.count == 0: Text {
             text: root.simplified
-                ? GalleryStrings.tr("暂无设备，退出精简模式后可添加", "No devices. Exit compact mode to add devices", "Нет устройств. Выйдите из компактного режима, чтобы добавить их")
-                : GalleryStrings.tr("添加设备，建立你的桌面墙", "Add devices to build your DeskHub", "Добавьте устройства в DeskHub");
+                ? GalleryStrings.texts[169]
+                : GalleryStrings.texts[170];
             color: #808080; horizontal-alignment: center; vertical-alignment: center;
         }
     }
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
         height: footer.y - 12px - self.y;
         HorizontalLayout {
             x: 0px; y: 0px; width: parent.width - root.view-controls-space; height: 24px; spacing: 8px;
-            GalleryButton { width: 52px; text: GalleryStrings.tr("返回", "Back", "Назад"); clicked => { root.action("focus", ""); } }
+            GalleryButton { width: 52px; text: GalleryStrings.texts[135]; clicked => { root.action("focus", ""); } }
             Rectangle {
                 horizontal-stretch: 1; min-width: 0px;
                 Text { x: 0px; width: parent.width; height: parent.height; text: root.focused.name; color: root.focused.online ? #303943 : DeviceCardStyle.offline-text; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600; overflow: elide; horizontal-alignment: left; vertical-alignment: center; }
@@ -579,10 +579,10 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
                 background: root.controlling ? #e7f1fd : #f0f2f5;
                 focus-state := Text {
                     x: 8px; width: parent.width - 16px; height: parent.height;
-                    text: root.group-controlling ? GalleryStrings.tr("群控中", "Group control", "Групп. управление")
-                        : root.controlling ? GalleryStrings.tr("正在操控", "Controlling", "Управление")
+                    text: root.group-controlling ? GalleryStrings.texts[171]
+                        : root.controlling ? GalleryStrings.texts[172]
                         : root.focused.connected && root.focused.has-frame && !root.focused.stale
-                            ? GalleryStrings.tr("只读预览", "View only", "Просмотр") : root.focused.status;
+                            ? GalleryStrings.texts[173] : root.focused.status;
                     font-size: 10px; color: root.controlling ? #3e77b3 : #6b7480; vertical-alignment: center; overflow: elide;
                 }
             }
@@ -590,14 +590,14 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
                 horizontal-padding: root.toolbar-button-padding;
                 primary: root.group-controlling;
                 enabled: root.group-controlling || (root.focused.connected && root.focused.has-frame && !root.focused.stale);
-                text: root.group-controlling ? GalleryStrings.tr("关闭群控", "Stop group control", "Откл. групп. ввод") : GalleryStrings.tr("开启群控", "Group control", "Групп. ввод");
-                alternate-text: root.group-controlling ? GalleryStrings.tr("开启群控", "Group control", "Групп. ввод") : GalleryStrings.tr("关闭群控", "Stop group control", "Откл. групп. ввод");
+                text: root.group-controlling ? GalleryStrings.texts[174] : GalleryStrings.texts[175];
+                alternate-text: root.group-controlling ? GalleryStrings.texts[175] : GalleryStrings.texts[174];
                 accessible-role: button;
-                accessible-label: self.text + GalleryStrings.tr("：同步键鼠到所有已连接设备", ": mirror input to all connected devices", ": ввод на всех подключённых устройствах");
+                accessible-label: self.text + GalleryStrings.texts[176];
                 accessible-action-default => { self.clicked(); }
                 clicked => { root.action(root.group-controlling ? "group-release" : "group-control", root.focused.id); }
             }
-            GalleryButton { width: 100px; primary: true; enabled: !root.focused.connected || root.controlling || (root.focused.has-frame && !root.focused.stale); text: root.focused.connected ? (root.controlling ? GalleryStrings.tr("释放操控", "Release", "Отпустить") : GalleryStrings.tr("接管操控", "Control", "Управлять")) : GalleryStrings.tr("连接", "Connect", "Подключить"); clicked => { root.action(root.focused.connected ? (root.controlling ? "release" : "control") : "connect", root.focused.id); } }
+            GalleryButton { width: 100px; primary: true; enabled: !root.focused.connected || root.controlling || (root.focused.has-frame && !root.focused.stale); text: root.focused.connected ? (root.controlling ? GalleryStrings.texts[177] : GalleryStrings.texts[178]) : GalleryStrings.texts[37]; clicked => { root.action(root.focused.connected ? (root.controlling ? "release" : "control") : "connect", root.focused.id); } }
         }
         FlatSurface {
             x: 0px; y: rail.visible ? focus-divider.y + focus-divider.height : 36px;
@@ -671,8 +671,8 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
                     width: tile.id == root.focused.id ? 0px : root.rail-slot-width;
                     height: root.rail-card-height; visible: tile.id != root.focused.id;
                     rail-card := FlatSurface {
-                        private property <string> presence: tile.online ? GalleryStrings.tr("在线", "Online", "В сети")
-                            : tile.presence-known ? GalleryStrings.tr("离线", "Offline", "Не в сети") : GalleryStrings.tr("未知", "Unknown", "Неизвестно");
+                        private property <string> presence: tile.online ? GalleryStrings.texts[166]
+                            : tile.presence-known ? GalleryStrings.texts[167] : GalleryStrings.texts[100];
                         private property <string> details: tile.name + "\n" + tile.host-name + "\nID: " + tile.id + "\n" + tile.group-names + "\n" + self.presence;
                         width: root.rail-preview-width + 10px; height: root.rail-card-height; border-radius: UiRadius.surface;
                         background: tile.online ? #f5f6f8 : DeviceCardStyle.offline-background; outline-color: UiSurface.edge;
@@ -744,7 +744,7 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
                     function show-hint() {
                         if self.has-hover && !root.focus-resizing {
                             root.device-tooltip-id = "resize-focus";
-                            root.device-tooltip-text = GalleryStrings.tr("上下拖动，调整缩略图与主画面大小", "Drag up or down to resize the thumbnails and main preview", "Потяните вверх или вниз, чтобы изменить размер миниатюр и основного экрана");
+                            root.device-tooltip-text = GalleryStrings.texts[179];
                             root.device-tooltip-x = focus-view.x + self.mouse-x;
                             root.device-tooltip-y = focus-view.y + focus-divider.y + self.mouse-y + 16px;
                         } else if root.device-tooltip-id == "resize-focus" { root.device-tooltip-id = ""; }
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
             connection-count := Text {
                 x: 0px; width: min(self.preferred-width, parent.width - network-button.width - 12px); height: parent.height;
                 text: root.group-controlling
-                    ? GalleryStrings.tr("群控中 · 所有已连接设备", "Group control · All connected devices", "Групповое управление · Все подключения")
+                    ? GalleryStrings.texts[180]
                     : root.connected-summary;
                 color: #62666d; vertical-alignment: center; font-size: 11px; overflow: elide;
             }
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
                 x: connection-count.x + connection-count.width + 12px;
                 width: 64px; height: parent.height;
                 outline-color: UiSurface.edge; border-radius: UiRadius.control;
-                text: GalleryStrings.tr("网络状态", "Network", "Сеть");
+                text: GalleryStrings.texts[181];
                 accessible-role: button;
                 accessible-label: self.text;
                 accessible-action-default => { self.clicked(); }
@@ -817,9 +817,9 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
         compact-toggle := GalleryToolbarButton {
             horizontal-padding: root.toolbar-button-padding;
             primary: root.simplified;
-            alternate-text: GalleryStrings.tr("退出精简", "Exit compact", "Обычный вид");
-            text: root.simplified ? GalleryStrings.tr("退出精简", "Exit compact", "Обычный вид")
-                : GalleryStrings.tr("精简模式", "Compact", "Компактно");
+            alternate-text: GalleryStrings.texts[182];
+            text: root.simplified ? GalleryStrings.texts[182]
+                : GalleryStrings.texts[183];
             clicked => { root.toggle-simplified(); }
         }
         IconButton {
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
             border-radius: UiRadius.control;
             normal-background: ControlStyle.surface;
             icon: root.fullscreen ? FontAwesomeIcons.compress : FontAwesomeIcons.expand;
-            tooltip: root.fullscreen ? GalleryStrings.tr("退出全屏", "Exit fullscreen", "Выйти из полноэкранного режима") : GalleryStrings.tr("全屏", "Fullscreen", "На весь экран");
+            tooltip: root.fullscreen ? GalleryStrings.texts[184] : GalleryStrings.texts[185];
             clicked => { root.toggle-fullscreen(); }
         }
     }
@@ -859,9 +859,9 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
         Text { x: 80px; y: 8px; width: parent.width - 88px; height: 18px; text: root.dragged-tile.name; font-size: 12px; color: #303943; overflow: elide; }
         drag-hint := Text {
             x: 80px; y: 29px; width: parent.width - 88px; height: max(16px, self.preferred-height);
-            text: root.drag-page-direction != 0 ? GalleryStrings.tr("停留翻页，松开取消", "Hold to turn page; release to cancel", "Удерживайте для перелистывания; отпустите для отмены")
-                : root.drag-target >= 0 ? GalleryStrings.tr("松开鼠标交换位置", "Release to swap", "Отпустите для обмена")
-                : GalleryStrings.tr("拖到另一台设备上", "Drag onto another device", "Перетащите на другое устройство");
+            text: root.drag-page-direction != 0 ? GalleryStrings.texts[186]
+                : root.drag-target >= 0 ? GalleryStrings.texts[187]
+                : GalleryStrings.texts[188];
             font-size: 10px; color: #527ca8; wrap: word-wrap;
         }
     }
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
         width: min(420px, parent.width - 32px); height: 36px; z: 10;
         background: #fff2f0; outline-color: UiSurface.edge; border-radius: UiRadius.surface;
         Text { x: 12px; y: 0px; width: parent.width - 24px; height: parent.height; font-size: 12px; color: #9d4339; vertical-alignment: center;
-            text: GalleryStrings.tr("换位未保存，请重试", "Couldn't save positions. Please try again.", "Не удалось сохранить порядок. Повторите попытку."); overflow: elide;
+            text: GalleryStrings.texts[189]; overflow: elide;
         }
     }
     // Device details are rendered by MainWindow; resize hints stay local.
@@ -896,36 +896,36 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
                     root.adding = false;
                 }
             }
-            Text { x: 18px; y: 16px; height: 24px; text: GalleryStrings.tr("添加设备", "Add device", "Добавить устройство"); font-size: 16px; }
-            Text { x: 18px; y: 56px; width: 72px; height: 30px; text: GalleryStrings.tr("设备 ID", "Device ID", "ID"); vertical-alignment: center; font-size: 12px; }
+            Text { x: 18px; y: 16px; height: 24px; text: GalleryStrings.texts[190]; font-size: 16px; }
+            Text { x: 18px; y: 56px; width: 72px; height: 30px; text: GalleryStrings.texts[191]; vertical-alignment: center; font-size: 12px; }
             device-id := RoundedLineEdit {
                 x: 96px; y: 56px; width: 286px; height: 30px;
-                placeholder-text: GalleryStrings.tr("9 位设备 ID", "9-digit device ID", "ID из 9 цифр");
+                placeholder-text: GalleryStrings.texts[192];
                 input-type: InputType.number;
                 accepted => { password.focus(); }
             }
-            Text { x: 18px; y: 100px; width: 72px; height: 30px; text: GalleryStrings.tr("密码", "Password", "Пароль"); vertical-alignment: center; font-size: 12px; }
+            Text { x: 18px; y: 100px; width: 72px; height: 30px; text: GalleryStrings.texts[193]; vertical-alignment: center; font-size: 12px; }
             password := RoundedLineEdit {
                 x: 96px; y: 100px; width: 286px; height: 30px;
-                placeholder-text: GalleryStrings.tr("设备连接密码", "Device password", "Пароль устройства");
+                placeholder-text: GalleryStrings.texts[194];
                 input-type: InputType.password;
                 accepted => { group.focus(); }
             }
-            Text { x: 18px; y: 144px; width: 72px; height: 30px; text: GalleryStrings.tr("分组", "Group", "Группа"); vertical-alignment: center; font-size: 12px; }
+            Text { x: 18px; y: 144px; width: 72px; height: 30px; text: GalleryStrings.texts[101]; vertical-alignment: center; font-size: 12px; }
             group := RoundedLineEdit {
                 x: 96px; y: 144px; width: 286px; height: 30px;
-                placeholder-text: GalleryStrings.tr("分组名称（可选）", "Group name (optional)", "Группа (необязательно)");
+                placeholder-text: GalleryStrings.texts[195];
                 accepted => { add-dialog.submit(); }
             }
             remember := ImGuiCheckBox { x: 96px; y: 188px; }
-            Text { x: 123px; y: 188px; height: 21px; text: GalleryStrings.tr("记住密码", "Remember password", "Запомнить пароль"); font-size: 12px; vertical-alignment: center;
+            Text { x: 123px; y: 188px; height: 21px; text: GalleryStrings.texts[196]; font-size: 12px; vertical-alignment: center;
                 TouchArea { clicked => { remember.checked = !remember.checked; } }
             }
             Text { x: 18px; y: 216px; width: 364px; height: 28px; text: root.notice; color: #8e4740; font-size: 11px; wrap: word-wrap; overflow: elide; }
-            GalleryButton { x: 136px; y: 260px; width: 72px; height: 28px; text: GalleryStrings.tr("取消", "Cancel", "Отмена"); clicked => { password.text = ""; root.adding = false; } }
+            GalleryButton { x: 136px; y: 260px; width: 72px; height: 28px; text: GalleryStrings.texts[33]; clicked => { password.text = ""; root.adding = false; } }
             GalleryButton {
                 x: 218px; y: 260px; width: 164px; height: 28px; primary: true;
-                text: GalleryStrings.tr("添加并连接", "Add and connect", "Добавить и подключить");
+                text: GalleryStrings.texts[197];
                 enabled: device-id.text != "" && password.text != "";
                 clicked => { add-dialog.submit(); }
             }
@@ -937,12 +937,12 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
         FlatSurface {
             x: (parent.width - self.width) / 2; y: (parent.height - self.height) / 2; width: 440px; height: 378px;
             background: white; border-radius: UiRadius.surface; outline-color: UiSurface.edge;
-            Text { x: 18px; y: 16px; height: 24px; text: GalleryStrings.tr("从近期连接添加", "Add from recent connections", "Добавить из недавних"); font-size: 16px; }
-            Text { x: 18px; y: 44px; width: 404px; height: 18px; text: GalleryStrings.tr("加入桌面墙后，可通过批量选择连接", "Add to DeskHub, then select devices to connect.", "Добавьте в DeskHub, затем выберите устройства для подключения."); color: #62666d; font-size: 11px; }
+            Text { x: 18px; y: 16px; height: 24px; text: GalleryStrings.texts[155]; font-size: 16px; }
+            Text { x: 18px; y: 44px; width: 404px; height: 18px; text: GalleryStrings.texts[198]; color: #62666d; font-size: 11px; }
             ImGuiCheckBox { x: 18px; y: 74px; enabled: root.recent-available > 0; checked: root.recent-devices.length > 0 && root.recent-selected == root.recent-available; }
-            Text { x: 45px; y: 74px; height: 21px; text: GalleryStrings.tr("全选", "Select all", "Выбрать все"); color: root.recent-available > 0 ? #24272d : #92969e; font-size: 12px; vertical-alignment: center; }
+            Text { x: 45px; y: 74px; height: 21px; text: GalleryStrings.texts[159]; color: root.recent-available > 0 ? #24272d : #92969e; font-size: 12px; vertical-alignment: center; }
             TouchArea { x: 18px; y: 74px; width: 144px; height: 21px; enabled: root.recent-available > 0; clicked => { root.action("recent-all", ""); } }
-            Text { x: 224px; y: 74px; width: 198px; height: 21px; text: GalleryStrings.tr("待添加 ", "To add ", "К добавлению ") + root.recent-selected + " / " + root.recent-available; horizontal-alignment: right; vertical-alignment: center; font-size: 12px; color: #62666d; }
+            Text { x: 224px; y: 74px; width: 198px; height: 21px; text: GalleryStrings.texts[199] + root.recent-selected + " / " + root.recent-available; horizontal-alignment: right; vertical-alignment: center; font-size: 12px; color: #62666d; }
             FlatSurface {
                 x: 18px; y: 102px; width: 404px; height: 160px;
                 outline-color: UiSurface.edge; border-radius: UiRadius.surface; clip: true;
@@ -961,13 +961,13 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
                         Rectangle { x: parent.width - 74px; y: 19px; width: 6px; height: 6px; border-radius: 3px; background: !device.added && device.online ? #21b567 : #92969e; }
                         Text {
                             x: parent.width - 61px; y: 12px; width: 57px; height: 20px;
-                            text: device.added ? GalleryStrings.tr("已添加", "Added", "Добавлено") : device.online ? GalleryStrings.tr("在线", "Online", "В сети") : GalleryStrings.tr("离线", "Offline", "Не в сети");
+                            text: device.added ? GalleryStrings.texts[200] : device.online ? GalleryStrings.texts[166] : GalleryStrings.texts[167];
                             color: device.added ? #92969e : device.online ? #17854c : #808080; font-size: 11px; vertical-alignment: center;
                         }
                         row-touch := TouchArea { enabled: !device.added; clicked => { root.action("recent-select", device.id); } }
                     }
                 }
-                if root.recent-devices.length == 0: Text { text: GalleryStrings.tr("暂无近期连接", "No recent connections", "Нет недавних подключений"); color: #808080; font-size: 12px; horizontal-alignment: center; vertical-alignment: center; }
+                if root.recent-devices.length == 0: Text { text: GalleryStrings.texts[89]; color: #808080; font-size: 12px; horizontal-alignment: center; vertical-alignment: center; }
                 Rectangle {
                     x: -UiRadius.surface; y: -UiRadius.surface;
                     width: parent.width + 2 * UiRadius.surface;
@@ -981,11 +981,11 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
                     outline-color: UiSurface.edge;
                 }
             }
-            Text { x: 18px; y: 274px; width: 60px; height: 30px; text: GalleryStrings.tr("分组", "Group", "Группа"); font-size: 12px; vertical-alignment: center; }
-            import-group := RoundedLineEdit { x: 84px; y: 274px; width: 338px; height: 30px; text: root.import-group; placeholder-text: GalleryStrings.tr("分组名称（可选）", "Group name (optional)", "Группа (необязательно)"); }
+            Text { x: 18px; y: 274px; width: 60px; height: 30px; text: GalleryStrings.texts[101]; font-size: 12px; vertical-alignment: center; }
+            import-group := RoundedLineEdit { x: 84px; y: 274px; width: 338px; height: 30px; text: root.import-group; placeholder-text: GalleryStrings.texts[195]; }
             Text { x: 18px; y: 309px; width: 404px; height: 20px; text: root.notice; font-size: 11px; color: #8e4740; overflow: elide; }
-            GalleryButton { x: 192px; y: 336px; width: 72px; text: GalleryStrings.tr("取消", "Cancel", "Отмена"); clicked => { root.importing = false; } }
-            GalleryButton { x: 274px; y: 336px; width: 148px; primary: true; text: GalleryStrings.tr("加入桌面墙", "Add to DeskHub", "В DeskHub"); enabled: root.recent-selected > 0; clicked => { if root.import-recent(import-group.text) { root.importing = false; } } }
+            GalleryButton { x: 192px; y: 336px; width: 72px; text: GalleryStrings.texts[33]; clicked => { root.importing = false; } }
+            GalleryButton { x: 274px; y: 336px; width: 148px; primary: true; text: GalleryStrings.texts[201]; enabled: root.recent-selected > 0; clicked => { if root.import-recent(import-group.text) { root.importing = false; } } }
         }
     }
     if root.confirming: Rectangle {
@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
             background: white; border-radius: UiRadius.surface; outline-color: UiSurface.edge;
             Text {
                 x: 20px; y: 18px; width: parent.width - 132px; height: 24px;
-                text: root.action-code == "disconnect" ? GalleryStrings.tr("断开连接", "Disconnect devices", "Отключение") : root.action-name;
+                text: root.action-code == "disconnect" ? GalleryStrings.texts[96] : root.action-name;
                 color: #24272d; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; vertical-alignment: center;
             }
             Rectangle {
@@ -1021,16 +1021,16 @@ export component GalleryView inherits Rectangle {
                             width: GalleryStrings.language == 0 ? 68px : 104px; height: 20px; border-radius: 10px;
                             background: device.connected ? #eaf6ee : #f0f2f5;
                             Rectangle { x: 9px; y: 7px; width: 6px; height: 6px; border-radius: 3px; background: device.connected ? #27a762 : #a0a6b0; }
-                            Text { x: 21px; width: parent.width - 27px; height: parent.height; text: device.connected ? GalleryStrings.tr("已连接", "Connected", "Подключено") : GalleryStrings.tr("未连接", "Not connected", "Нет соединения"); color: device.connected ? #348259 : #858d98; font-size: 10px; vertical-alignment: center; }
+                            Text { x: 21px; width: parent.width - 27px; height: parent.height; text: device.connected ? GalleryStrings.texts[202] : GalleryStrings.texts[203]; color: device.connected ? #348259 : #858d98; font-size: 10px; vertical-alignment: center; }
                         }
                         if index + 1 < root.selected-devices.length: SurfaceSeparator { x: 12px; y: parent.height - 1px; width: parent.width - 24px; height: 1px; outline-color: UiSurface.separator; }
                     }
                 }
             }
-            GalleryButton { x: parent.width - 208px; y: parent.height - 46px; width: 72px; height: 28px; text: GalleryStrings.tr("取消", "Cancel", "Отмена"); clicked => { root.confirming = false; } }
+            GalleryButton { x: parent.width - 208px; y: parent.height - 46px; width: 72px; height: 28px; text: GalleryStrings.texts[33]; clicked => { root.confirming = false; } }
             GalleryButton {
                 x: parent.width - 126px; y: parent.height - 46px; width: 108px; height: 28px; primary: true;
-                text: root.action-code == "disconnect" ? GalleryStrings.tr("确认断开", "Disconnect", "Отключить") : GalleryStrings.tr("确认执行", "Continue", "Продолжить");
+                text: root.action-code == "disconnect" ? GalleryStrings.texts[204] : GalleryStrings.texts[205];
                 clicked => { root.confirming = false; root.action(root.action-code, ""); }
             }
         }

apps/desktop/src/gui/ui/lan_strings.slint

@@ -5,24 +5,24 @@ export global LanStrings {
     // Slint Text does not expose a line-height property.
     public pure function access-error-lines(code: string) -> [string] {
         if code == "LanPortInUse" { return [
-            GalleryStrings.tr("此端口已被占用，", "This port is in use.", "Порт занят."),
-            GalleryStrings.tr("请更换端口。", "Choose another port.", "Выберите другой порт."),
-            GalleryStrings.tr("原设置已保留。", "Your previous settings are unchanged.", "Прежние настройки сохранены.")
+            GalleryStrings.texts[0],
+            GalleryStrings.texts[1],
+            GalleryStrings.texts[2]
         ]; }
         if code == "LanPortCheckFailed" { return [
-            GalleryStrings.tr("无法确认此端口是否可用，", "Could not check this port.", "Не удалось проверить порт."),
-            GalleryStrings.tr("请重试或检查本机防火墙。", "Retry or check the local firewall.", "Повторите попытку или проверьте брандмауэр."),
-            GalleryStrings.tr("原设置已保留。", "Your previous settings are unchanged.", "Прежние настройки сохранены.")
+            GalleryStrings.texts[3],
+            GalleryStrings.texts[4],
+            GalleryStrings.texts[2]
         ]; }
         if code == "LanPortPermissionDenied" { return [
-            GalleryStrings.tr("无法使用此端口，", "Cannot use this port.", "Порт недоступен."),
-            GalleryStrings.tr("请选择其他端口或检查系统权限。", "Choose another port or check system permissions.", "Смените порт или проверьте разрешения."),
-            GalleryStrings.tr("原设置已保留。", "Your previous settings are unchanged.", "Прежние настройки сохранены.")
+            GalleryStrings.texts[5],
+            GalleryStrings.texts[6],
+            GalleryStrings.texts[2]
         ]; }
         if code == "Selected LAN interface is unavailable" { return [
-            GalleryStrings.tr("未找到可用的局域网连接。", "No local network connection was found.", "Нет доступного подключения к LAN."),
-            GalleryStrings.tr("请连接 Wi-Fi 或网线，", "Connect to Wi-Fi or Ethernet,", "Подключитесь к Wi-Fi или Ethernet"),
-            GalleryStrings.tr("或在主界面选择本机 IP。", "or select a local IP on the main screen.", "или выберите локальный IP в главном окне.")
+            GalleryStrings.texts[7],
+            GalleryStrings.texts[8],
+            GalleryStrings.texts[9]
         ]; }
         // Keep all branches the same size for Slint's C++ model generator.
         return ["", "", ""];
@@ -30,29 +30,29 @@ export global LanStrings {
     public pure function error-message(code: string) -> string {
         let lines = LanStrings.access-error-lines(code);
         if lines[0] != "" {
-            let separator = GalleryStrings.tr("", " ", " ");
+            let separator = GalleryStrings.texts[10];
             return lines[0] + separator + lines[1] + separator + lines[2];
         }
         if code == "" { return ""; }
-        if code == "InvalidCredentials" { return GalleryStrings.tr("密码不正确，或对方密码已更新。请查看对方的局域网访问密码后重试。", "The password is incorrect or has changed. Check the other desktop's current LAN password and try again.", "Пароль неверен или изменён. Проверьте текущий пароль LAN другого компьютера и повторите попытку."); }
-        if code == "AuthenticationRateLimited" { return GalleryStrings.tr("尝试次数过多，请等待倒计时结束后重试。", "Too many attempts. Try again when the countdown ends.", "Слишком много попыток. Дождитесь окончания обратного отсчёта."); }
-        if code == "CredentialsChanged" { return GalleryStrings.tr("对方密码已更新，请使用新密码重试。", "The password changed. Try again with the new password.", "Пароль изменился. Повторите с новым паролем."); }
-        if code == "Busy" { return GalleryStrings.tr("设备正忙，请稍后重试。", "The desktop is busy. Try again shortly.", "Компьютер занят. Повторите позже."); }
-        if code == "LAN password must contain exactly 6 ASCII letters or digits" { return GalleryStrings.tr("访问密码必须为 6 位英文字母或数字，区分大小写。", "Use exactly 6 letters (A–Z, a–z) or digits (0–9). Case-sensitive.", "Пароль: ровно 6 латинских букв или цифр. Регистр учитывается."); }
-        if code == "ConnectionFailed" || code == "ConnectionTimeout" || code == "IceConnectionTimeout" || code == "Timeout" || code == "ConnectionClosed" || code == "HeartbeatTimeout" || code == "SignalSendFailed" { return GalleryStrings.tr("无法连接，请检查对方 IP、程序是否运行，以及防火墙是否放行。", "Could not connect. Check the IP, whether the other desktop is running CrossDesk, and its firewall settings.", "Не удалось подключиться. Проверьте IP, работу CrossDesk на другом компьютере и брандмауэр."); }
-        if code == "Enter a numeric IPv4 address or IPv4:port" || code == "Invalid LAN endpoint" { return GalleryStrings.tr("请输入有效的 IPv4，例如 192.168.1.20；指定端口可用 IPv4:端口，端口范围 1–65535。", "Enter a valid IPv4 address such as 192.168.1.20, or IPv4:port (1–65535).", "Введите IPv4, например 192.168.1.20, или IPv4:порт (1–65535)."); }
-        if code == "Invalid LAN port" { return GalleryStrings.tr("请输入 1–65535 之间的整数端口。", "Enter a port number from 1 to 65535.", "Введите целый номер порта от 1 до 65535."); }
-        if code == "LAN password is not ready" { return GalleryStrings.tr("请点击主界面密码旁的修改按钮设置密码。", "Set a password using Edit next to the password on the main screen.", "Задайте пароль кнопкой редактирования рядом с паролем в главном окне."); }
-        if code == "LAN connection limit reached" { return GalleryStrings.tr("IP 连接数量已达上限，请先断开部分连接后重试。", "The IP connection limit has been reached. Disconnect some sessions and try again.", "Достигнут лимит IP-подключений. Завершите часть сеансов и повторите попытку."); }
-        if code == "UnsupportedNetworkPath" || code == "NetworkPolicyFailed" { return GalleryStrings.tr("当前网络路径不支持 IP 连接，请检查双方的局域网连接。", "This network path does not support IP connections. Check both devices' LAN connections.", "Этот сетевой маршрут не поддерживает IP-подключения. Проверьте подключения обоих устройств к LAN."); }
-        if code == "IncompatibleProtocol" || code == "RequiredCryptoUnsupported" || code == "TLS 1.3 is required for LAN connections" { return GalleryStrings.tr("双方的协议或加密能力不兼容，请将双方 CrossDesk 升级至最新版本后重试。", "The protocol or encryption capabilities are incompatible. Update CrossDesk on both devices and try again.", "Протоколы или возможности шифрования несовместимы. Обновите CrossDesk на обоих устройствах и повторите попытку."); }
-        if code == "InvalidCertificate" || code == "FingerprintMissing" || code == "FingerprintMismatch" { return GalleryStrings.tr("无法验证对方设备的身份，请确认连接地址和对方设备后重试。", "Could not verify the remote device's identity. Check the address and the remote device before retrying.", "Не удалось проверить подлинность удалённого устройства. Проверьте адрес и устройство перед повторной попыткой."); }
-        if code == "DtlsHandshakeFailed" || code == "SrtpInstallFailed" || code == "SrtpKeyExportFailed" || code == "SecureTransportFailed" { return GalleryStrings.tr("无法建立加密连接，请检查双方网络并重试。", "Could not establish an encrypted connection. Check both devices' networks and try again.", "Не удалось установить зашифрованное соединение. Проверьте сеть на обоих устройствах и повторите попытку."); }
-        if code == "InvalidSignal" || code == "InvalidLocalSignal" || code == "Invalid LAN protocol message" { return GalleryStrings.tr("连接协商数据无效，请重试并确认双方 CrossDesk 版本兼容。", "Invalid connection negotiation data. Try again and check that both CrossDesk versions are compatible.", "Неверные данные согласования соединения. Повторите попытку и проверьте совместимость версий CrossDesk."); }
-        if code == "ListenerChanged" { return GalleryStrings.tr("连接地址或监听端口已更改，请确认最新地址后重试。", "The connection address or listening port has changed. Check the current address and try again.", "Адрес подключения или порт прослушивания изменился. Проверьте текущий адрес и повторите попытку."); }
-        if code == "PeerPreparationFailed" { return GalleryStrings.tr("无法准备远程会话，请稍后重试。", "Could not prepare the remote session. Try again shortly.", "Не удалось подготовить удалённый сеанс. Повторите позже."); }
-        if code == "Cannot copy text" { return GalleryStrings.tr("复制失败，请重试。", "Could not copy. Try again.", "Не удалось скопировать. Повторите попытку."); }
+        if code == "InvalidCredentials" { return GalleryStrings.texts[11]; }
+        if code == "AuthenticationRateLimited" { return GalleryStrings.texts[12]; }
+        if code == "CredentialsChanged" { return GalleryStrings.texts[13]; }
+        if code == "Busy" { return GalleryStrings.texts[14]; }
+        if code == "LAN password must contain exactly 6 ASCII letters or digits" { return GalleryStrings.texts[15]; }
+        if code == "ConnectionFailed" || code == "ConnectionTimeout" || code == "IceConnectionTimeout" || code == "Timeout" || code == "ConnectionClosed" || code == "HeartbeatTimeout" || code == "SignalSendFailed" { return GalleryStrings.texts[16]; }
+        if code == "Enter a numeric IPv4 address or IPv4:port" || code == "Invalid LAN endpoint" { return GalleryStrings.texts[17]; }
+        if code == "Invalid LAN port" { return GalleryStrings.texts[18]; }
+        if code == "LAN password is not ready" { return GalleryStrings.texts[19]; }
+        if code == "LAN connection limit reached" { return GalleryStrings.texts[20]; }
+        if code == "UnsupportedNetworkPath" || code == "NetworkPolicyFailed" { return GalleryStrings.texts[21]; }
+        if code == "IncompatibleProtocol" || code == "RequiredCryptoUnsupported" || code == "TLS 1.3 is required for LAN connections" { return GalleryStrings.texts[22]; }
+        if code == "InvalidCertificate" || code == "FingerprintMissing" || code == "FingerprintMismatch" { return GalleryStrings.texts[23]; }
+        if code == "DtlsHandshakeFailed" || code == "SrtpInstallFailed" || code == "SrtpKeyExportFailed" || code == "SecureTransportFailed" { return GalleryStrings.texts[24]; }
+        if code == "InvalidSignal" || code == "InvalidLocalSignal" || code == "Invalid LAN protocol message" { return GalleryStrings.texts[25]; }
+        if code == "ListenerChanged" { return GalleryStrings.texts[26]; }
+        if code == "PeerPreparationFailed" { return GalleryStrings.texts[27]; }
+        if code == "Cannot copy text" { return GalleryStrings.texts[28]; }
         // Keep diagnostic details for unexpected system errors, with a localized explanation.
-        return GalleryStrings.tr("IP 连接操作失败，详情：", "IP connection operation failed. Details: ", "Ошибка операции IP-подключения. Подробности: ") + code;
+        return GalleryStrings.texts[29] + code;
     }
 }

apps/desktop/src/gui/ui/main_window.slint

@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ component PasswordInput inherits FlatSurface {
 }
 
 export component MainWindow inherits Window {
-    title: root.gallery-mode ? "CrossDesk " + GalleryStrings.tr("桌面墙", "DeskHub", "DeskHub") : "CrossDesk";
+    title: root.gallery-mode ? "CrossDesk " + GalleryStrings.texts[54] : "CrossDesk";
     icon: @image-url("../../../resources/linux/crossdesk_256x256.png");
     preferred-width: root.minimum-window-width;
     preferred-height: root.minimum-window-height;
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
         root.lan-remember-password = false;
         let error = root.lan-prepare-connect(address);
         root.connection-input-error = error == "Enter a numeric IPv4 address or IPv4:port"
-            ? GalleryStrings.tr("请输入有效的 IPv4 或 IPv4:端口", "Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv4:port", "Укажите IPv4 или IPv4:порт")
+            ? GalleryStrings.texts[55]
             : LanStrings.error-message(error);
         if error == "" {
             root.lan-open = true;
@@ -527,8 +527,8 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
     private property <bool> prompt-validating: root.lan-open ? root.lan-connecting : root.connection-validating;
     private property <bool> prompt-pending: root.lan-open ? root.lan-connecting : root.connection-pending;
     private property <string> prompt-status-text: !root.lan-open ? root.connection-status-text
-        : root.lan-connecting ? GalleryStrings.tr("正在连接…", "Connecting…", "Подключение…")
-        : root.lan-retry-after > 0 ? GalleryStrings.tr("请在 " + root.lan-retry-after + " 秒后重试", "Try again in " + root.lan-retry-after + "s", "Повторите через " + root.lan-retry-after + " с")
+        : root.lan-connecting ? GalleryStrings.texts[56]
+        : root.lan-retry-after > 0 ? GalleryStrings.retry-after(root.lan-retry-after)
         : root.lan-message == "InvalidCredentials" ? UiStrings.reinput-password
         : root.lan-message == "" || root.lan-message == "AuthenticationRateLimited" ? UiStrings.input-password
         : LanStrings.error-message(root.lan-message);
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
     in property <[RecentConnection]> recent-connections;
     out property <length> recent-preview-width: max(1px, (recent-scroll.width - 24px) / 3);
     out property <length> recent-preview-height: 80px;
-    in property <[string]> recent-groups: [GalleryStrings.tr("全部设备", "All devices", "Все устройства"), GalleryStrings.tr("未分组", "Ungrouped", "Без группы")];
+    in property <[string]> recent-groups: [GalleryStrings.texts[57], GalleryStrings.texts[31]];
     in-out property <int> recent-group-index: 0;
     callback recent-group-selected(int);
     changed recent-group-index => {
@@ -628,7 +628,8 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
     in property <string> portable-service-status: "";
     in-out property <bool> portable-service-do-not-remind: false;
 
-    in-out property <int> language-index: 0;
+    in-out property <int> language-index: 10;
+    in property <[string]> language-options;
     in property <bool> capture-method-visible: false;
     in-out property <int> capture-method-index: 0;
     in-out property <int> codec-index: 0;
@@ -640,11 +641,11 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
     in property <bool> autostart-system-managed: false;
     in property <AutostartStatus> autostart-status: AutostartStatus.checking;
     out property <string> autostart-status-text:
-        root.autostart-status == AutostartStatus.checking ? GalleryStrings.tr("正在读取…", "Checking…", "Проверка…") :
-        root.autostart-status == AutostartStatus.enabled ? GalleryStrings.tr("已开启", "Enabled", "Включён") :
-        root.autostart-status == AutostartStatus.disabled ? GalleryStrings.tr("未开启", "Disabled", "Выключен") :
-        root.autostart-status == AutostartStatus.unsupported ? GalleryStrings.tr("设备不支持", "Unsupported", "Не поддерживается") :
-        GalleryStrings.tr("读取失败", "Read failed", "Ошибка чтения");
+        root.autostart-status == AutostartStatus.checking ? GalleryStrings.texts[58] :
+        root.autostart-status == AutostartStatus.enabled ? GalleryStrings.texts[59] :
+        root.autostart-status == AutostartStatus.disabled ? GalleryStrings.texts[60] :
+        root.autostart-status == AutostartStatus.unsupported ? GalleryStrings.texts[61] :
+        GalleryStrings.texts[62];
     in-out property <bool> autostart-guide-open: false;
     changed autostart-guide-open => { if root.autostart-guide-open { root.dialog-focus-pending = true; } }
     in-out property <bool> daemon-enabled: false;
@@ -770,7 +771,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
         focus-sink.focus();
     }
     private property <CopyFeedback> copy-feedback: idle;
-    private property <bool> compact-language: root.language-index == 0;
+    private property <bool> compact-language: GalleryStrings.language == 0 || GalleryStrings.language == 3 || GalleryStrings.language == 4 || GalleryStrings.language == 5;
     private property <bool> recent-tooltip-visible: false;
     private property <string> recent-tooltip-name: "";
     private property <string> recent-tooltip-host: "";
@@ -1114,9 +1115,9 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
             width: 136px; height: 28px;
             background: WorkbenchStyle.field-surface;
             enabled: !root.connection-pending && !root.lan-connecting;
-            tooltip: root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.tr("切换到 ID 连接模式", "Switch to ID connection mode", "Переключить в режим ID") : GalleryStrings.tr("切换到 IP 连接模式", "Switch to IP connection mode", "Переключить в режим IP");
+            tooltip: root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.texts[63] : GalleryStrings.texts[64];
             accessible-role: switch;
-            accessible-label: GalleryStrings.tr("IP 连接模式", "IP connection mode", "Режим IP");
+            accessible-label: GalleryStrings.texts[65];
             accessible-checked: root.lan-mode;
             z: 8;
             clicked => {
@@ -1138,7 +1139,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                 y: 2px;
                 width: (parent.width - 6px) / 2;
                 height: parent.height - 4px;
-                text: lan ? GalleryStrings.tr("IP 连接", "IP mode", "Режим IP") : GalleryStrings.tr("ID 连接", "ID mode", "Режим ID");
+                text: lan ? GalleryStrings.texts[66] : GalleryStrings.texts[67];
                 font-size: 12px;
                 font-weight: 500;
                 color: root.lan-mode == lan ? white : WorkbenchStyle.muted;
@@ -1154,7 +1155,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
             y: connection-mode-switch.y;
             width: 80px; height: 28px;
             normal-background: white;
-            text: GalleryStrings.tr("桌面墙", "DeskHub", "DeskHub");
+            text: GalleryStrings.texts[54];
             z: 8;
             clicked => { root.open-gallery(); }
         }
@@ -1164,7 +1165,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
             width: 36px; height: 28px;
             normal-background: white;
             icon: FontAwesomeIcons.bars;
-            tooltip: GalleryStrings.tr("更多", "More", "Ещё");
+            tooltip: GalleryStrings.texts[68];
             z: 8;
             clicked => { root.gallery-action("release", ""); root.menu-open = !root.menu-open; }
         }
@@ -1247,16 +1248,16 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                 x: 0px; y: 0px;
                 width: (parent.width - 16px) / 2; height: parent.height;
                 Text { x: 16px; y: 14px; width: parent.width - 32px; height: 24px; overflow: elide; text: UiStrings.local-desktop; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; color: WorkbenchStyle.text; }
-                Text { x: 16px; y: 38px; width: parent.width - 32px; height: 18px; text: root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.tr("将 IP 和密码分享给连接方", "Share your IP and password to get connected", "Передайте IP и пароль для подключения") : GalleryStrings.tr("将 ID 和密码分享给连接方", "Share your ID and password to get connected", "Передайте ID и пароль для подключения"); font-size: 11px; color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; overflow: elide; }
-                local-address-label := Text { x: 16px; y: 68px; height: 18px; text: root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.tr("本机 IP / 端口", "Local IP / Port", "IP / Порт") : UiStrings.local-id; font-size: 12px; color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; vertical-alignment: top; }
+                Text { x: 16px; y: 38px; width: parent.width - 32px; height: 18px; text: root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.texts[69] : GalleryStrings.texts[70]; font-size: 11px; color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; overflow: elide; }
+                local-address-label := Text { x: 16px; y: 68px; height: 18px; text: root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.texts[71] : UiStrings.local-id; font-size: 12px; color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; vertical-alignment: top; }
                 lan-switch-ip-metrics := Text {
                     visible: false; accessible-role: none;
-                    text: GalleryStrings.tr("切换 IP", "Switch IP", "Сменить IP");
+                    text: GalleryStrings.texts[72];
                     font-size: 12px; font-weight: 500;
                 }
                 lan-edit-port-metrics := Text {
                     visible: false; accessible-role: none;
-                    text: GalleryStrings.tr("修改端口", "Edit port", "Изменить порт");
+                    text: GalleryStrings.texts[73];
                     font-size: 12px; font-weight: 500;
                 }
                 lan-switch-ip-action := WorkbenchButton {
@@ -1328,7 +1329,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                         normal-outline-color: UiSurface.edge;
                         hover-outline-color: UiSurface.hover;
                         focus-outline-color: WorkbenchStyle.accent;
-                        accessible-label: GalleryStrings.tr("切换本机 IP", "Switch local IP", "Сменить локальный IP");
+                        accessible-label: GalleryStrings.texts[74];
                         selected(index) => {
                             root.copy-feedback = CopyFeedback.idle;
                             // Save the draft for its original IP before changing
@@ -1384,7 +1385,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                                     font-size: 18px * local-address-field.lan-font-scale; font-weight: 600;
                                     input-type: InputType.number; color: WorkbenchStyle.text;
                                     enabled: root.lan-mode && !root.lan-password-pending;
-                                    accessible-label: GalleryStrings.tr("局域网端口", "LAN port", "Порт LAN");
+                                    accessible-label: GalleryStrings.texts[75];
                                     vertical-alignment: center; horizontal-alignment: left;
                                     selection-foreground-color: white; selection-background-color: WorkbenchStyle.accent;
                                     changed has-focus => {
@@ -1403,7 +1404,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                         x: parent.width - 42px; y: 2px; width: 36px; quiet: true;
                         icon: root.copy-feedback == CopyFeedback.success ? FontAwesomeIcons.check : FontAwesomeIcons.copy;
                         icon-color: root.copy-feedback == CopyFeedback.success ? WorkbenchStyle.success : WorkbenchStyle.muted;
-                        tooltip: root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.tr("复制 IP 和端口", "Copy IP and port", "Копировать IP и порт") : GalleryStrings.tr("复制本机 ID", "Copy local ID", "Копировать ID");
+                        tooltip: root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.texts[76] : GalleryStrings.texts[77];
                         enabled: !root.lan-mode || root.lan-listener-address != "";
                         tooltip-suppressed: root.copy-feedback != CopyFeedback.idle;
                         // Let other controls receive the original click; moving
@@ -1420,8 +1421,8 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                     }
                     private property <string> edit-hint: !root.lan-mode || !root.sponsorship-unobstructed
                         || root.lan-password-pending ? ""
-                        : lan-ip-picker.has-hover ? GalleryStrings.tr("点击切换本机 IP", "Click to switch the local IP", "Нажмите, чтобы сменить IP")
-                        : lan-port-hover.has-hover && !lan-port-editor.has-focus ? GalleryStrings.tr("点击修改端口", "Click to edit the port", "Нажмите, чтобы изменить порт") : "";
+                        : lan-ip-picker.has-hover ? GalleryStrings.texts[78]
+                        : lan-port-hover.has-hover && !lan-port-editor.has-focus ? GalleryStrings.texts[79] : "";
                     private property <bool> edit-hint-visible;
                     changed edit-hint => { local-address-field.edit-hint-visible = false; }
                     Timer {
@@ -1453,7 +1454,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                     WorkbenchButton {
                         x: parent.width - 112px; y: 0px; width: 36px; quiet: true;
                         icon: root.active-password-visible ? FontAwesomeIcons.eye : FontAwesomeIcons.eye-slash;
-                        tooltip: root.active-password-visible ? GalleryStrings.tr("隐藏密码", "Hide password", "Скрыть пароль") : GalleryStrings.tr("显示密码", "Show password", "Показать пароль");
+                        tooltip: root.active-password-visible ? GalleryStrings.texts[80] : GalleryStrings.texts[81];
                         clicked => { if root.lan-mode { root.lan-password-visible = !root.lan-password-visible; } else { root.toggle-password-visibility(); } }
                     }
                     WorkbenchButton {
@@ -1465,7 +1466,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                     WorkbenchButton {
                         x: parent.width - 36px; y: 0px; width: 36px; quiet: true;
                         icon: FontAwesomeIcons.pen;
-                        tooltip: GalleryStrings.tr("修改密码", "Change password", "Изменить пароль");
+                        tooltip: GalleryStrings.texts[82];
                         enabled: root.lan-mode ? !root.lan-password-pending : !root.password-change-pending;
                         clicked => { root.reset-password-open = true; }
                     }
@@ -1474,8 +1475,8 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
             WorkbenchCard {
                 x: local-card.width + 16px; y: 0px; width: local-card.width; height: parent.height;
                 Text { x: 16px; y: 14px; width: parent.width - 32px; height: 24px; overflow: elide; text: UiStrings.remote-desktop; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; color: WorkbenchStyle.text; }
-                Text { x: 16px; y: 38px; width: parent.width - 32px; height: 18px; text: root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.tr("输入 IP:端口，通过局域网连接", "Enter IP:port to connect over LAN", "Введите IP:порт для подключения по LAN") : GalleryStrings.tr("输入设备 ID，连接远程桌面", "Enter a device ID to start a remote session", "Введите ID для удалённого подключения"); font-size: 11px; color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; overflow: elide; }
-                Text { x: 16px; y: 68px; height: 18px; text: root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.tr("远端 IP / 端口", "Remote IP / Port", "Удалённый IP / Порт") : UiStrings.remote-id; font-size: 12px; color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; }
+                Text { x: 16px; y: 38px; width: parent.width - 32px; height: 18px; text: root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.texts[83] : GalleryStrings.texts[84]; font-size: 11px; color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; overflow: elide; }
+                Text { x: 16px; y: 68px; height: 18px; text: root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.texts[85] : UiStrings.remote-id; font-size: 12px; color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; }
                 FlatSurface {
                     x: 16px; y: 90px; width: parent.width - 32px; height: 40px;
                     background: remote-id-editor.has-focus ? ControlStyle.input-focused : ControlStyle.input-surface;
@@ -1485,14 +1486,14 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                     animate outline-color { duration: 120ms; }
                     if root.remote-id-input == "": Text {
                         x: 12px; width: parent.width - 24px; height: parent.height;
-                        text: root.lan-mode ? "192.168.1.20:52888" : GalleryStrings.tr("请输入 9 位设备 ID", "Enter a 9-digit device ID", "Введите ID из 9 цифр");
+                        text: root.lan-mode ? "192.168.1.20:52888" : GalleryStrings.texts[86];
                         font-size: 13px; color: ControlStyle.input-placeholder; vertical-alignment: center;
                     }
                     remote-id-editor := TextInput {
                         x: 12px; width: parent.width - 24px; height: parent.height;
                         text <=> root.remote-id-input; font-size: root.lan-mode ? 18px : 24px; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: root.lan-mode ? 0px : 1px;
                         input-type: root.lan-mode ? InputType.text : InputType.number; color: WorkbenchStyle.text;
-                        accessible-label: root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.tr("远端 IP / 端口", "Remote IP / Port", "Удалённый IP / Порт") : UiStrings.remote-id;
+                        accessible-label: root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.texts[85] : UiStrings.remote-id;
                         enabled: !root.connection-pending && !root.lan-connecting;
                         vertical-alignment: center;
                         selection-foreground-color: white; selection-background-color: WorkbenchStyle.accent;
@@ -1512,13 +1513,13 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                 Text {
                     x: 16px; y: 133px; width: parent.width - 32px; height: 24px;
                     text: root.connection-input-error != "" ? root.connection-input-error
-                        : root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.tr("不填端口时，默认使用 52888", "Port defaults to 52888 if omitted", "Без порта используется 52888") : "";
+                        : root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.texts[87] : "";
                     font-size: 11px; color: root.connection-input-error != "" ? #be3d42 : WorkbenchStyle.muted; wrap: word-wrap;
                 }
                 WorkbenchButton {
                     x: 16px; y: 158px; width: parent.width - 32px; height: 36px;
                     primary: true; icon: FontAwesomeIcons.arrow-right-long;
-                    text: root.connection-pending || root.lan-connecting ? GalleryStrings.tr("正在连接…", "Connecting…", "Подключение…") : UiStrings.connect;
+                    text: root.connection-pending || root.lan-connecting ? GalleryStrings.texts[56] : UiStrings.connect;
                     enabled: !root.connection-pending && !root.lan-connecting;
                     clicked => { root.submit-connection(); }
                 }
@@ -1566,19 +1567,19 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                     Text {
                         x: 84px; y: 36px; width: parent.width - 104px; height: 24px;
                         text: root.lan-mode
-                            ? GalleryStrings.tr("暂无近期 IP 连接", "No recent IP connections", "Нет недавних IP-подключений")
+                            ? GalleryStrings.texts[88]
                             : root.recent-group-index == 0
-                            ? GalleryStrings.tr("暂无近期连接", "No recent connections", "Нет недавних подключений")
-                            : GalleryStrings.tr("该分组暂无近期连接", "No recent connections in this group", "В этой группе нет недавних подключений");
+                            ? GalleryStrings.texts[89]
+                            : GalleryStrings.texts[90];
                         color: WorkbenchStyle.text; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600;
                     }
                     Text {
                         x: 84px; y: 68px; width: parent.width - 104px; height: 20px;
                         text: root.lan-mode
-                            ? GalleryStrings.tr("通过 IP 连接过的设备会显示在这里。", "Devices you connect to by IP will appear here.", "Здесь появятся устройства, подключённые по IP.")
+                            ? GalleryStrings.texts[91]
                             : root.recent-group-index == 0
-                            ? GalleryStrings.tr("连接过的设备会显示在这里，方便下次快速访问。", "Devices you connect to will appear here for quick access.", "Устройства появятся здесь после первого подключения.")
-                            : GalleryStrings.tr("切换设备分组，查看其他连接记录。", "Choose another group to see your other connections.", "Выберите другую группу для просмотра подключений.");
+                            ? GalleryStrings.texts[92]
+                            : GalleryStrings.texts[93];
                         color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; font-size: 12px;
                     }
                 }
@@ -1762,12 +1763,12 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                                 compact-trigger: true;
                                 compact-menu: true;
                                 enabled: !root.gallery-mode;
-                                text: GalleryStrings.tr("更多操作", "More actions", "Другие действия");
-                                menu-width: root.compact-language ? 116px : root.language-index == 2 ? 156px : 128px;
+                                text: GalleryStrings.texts[94];
+                                menu-width: root.compact-language ? 116px : 156px;
                                 items: [
-                                    {label: GalleryStrings.tr("修改名称", "Rename", "Переименовать"), enabled: true},
-                                    {label: GalleryStrings.tr("修改分组", "Edit groups", "Изменить группы"), enabled: !connection.lan},
-                                    {label: GalleryStrings.tr("删除记录", "Delete record", "Удалить запись"), enabled: true},
+                                    {label: GalleryStrings.texts[35], enabled: true},
+                                    {label: GalleryStrings.texts[30], enabled: !connection.lan},
+                                    {label: GalleryStrings.texts[95], enabled: true},
                                 ];
                                 item-icons: [FontAwesomeIcons.pen, FontAwesomeIcons.tags, FontAwesomeIcons.trash-can];
                                 destructive-index: 2;
@@ -1794,7 +1795,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                                 primary: !connection.connected;
                                 destructive: connection.connected;
                                 icon: connection.connected ? FontAwesomeIcons.xmark : FontAwesomeIcons.arrow-right-long;
-                                tooltip: connection.connected ? GalleryStrings.tr("断开连接", "Disconnect", "Отключить") : UiStrings.connect;
+                                tooltip: connection.connected ? GalleryStrings.texts[96] : UiStrings.connect;
                                 tooltip-above: true;
                                 clicked => {
                                     root.copy-feedback = CopyFeedback.idle;
@@ -1884,7 +1885,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                     height: parent.height;
                     width: parent.width - 160px;
                     overflow: elide;
-                    text: root.lan-mode ? (root.lan-message != "" ? LanStrings.error-message(root.lan-message) : root.lan-listener-error != "" ? (root.lan-listener-address == "" ? "" : root.lan-listener-address + " · ") + LanStrings.error-message(root.lan-listener-error) : root.lan-listening ? GalleryStrings.tr("IP 连接已启用", "IP connections enabled", "Подключения по IP включены") : root.lan-password-pending ? GalleryStrings.tr("IP 连接准备中…", "Preparing IP connections…", "Подготовка подключений по IP…") : GalleryStrings.tr("IP 连接未就绪", "IP connections not ready", "Подключения по IP не готовы"))
+                    text: root.lan-mode ? (root.lan-message != "" ? LanStrings.error-message(root.lan-message) : root.lan-listener-error != "" ? (root.lan-listener-address == "" ? "" : root.lan-listener-address + " · ") + LanStrings.error-message(root.lan-listener-error) : root.lan-listening ? GalleryStrings.texts[97] : root.lan-password-pending ? GalleryStrings.texts[98] : GalleryStrings.texts[99])
                           : root.signal-tls-error ? UiStrings.tls-error
                           : root.signal-connected ? UiStrings.signal-connected
                           : root.signal-reconnecting ? UiStrings.signal-reconnecting
@@ -1969,7 +1970,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
             tooltip-status-text := Text {
                 x: 7px; width: parent.width - 14px; height: parent.height;
                 text: device-tip.online ? UiStrings.online : device-tip.presence-known ? UiStrings.offline
-                    : GalleryStrings.tr("未知", "Unknown", "Неизвестно");
+                    : GalleryStrings.texts[100];
                 color: device-tip.status-color; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 600;
                 vertical-alignment: center;
             }
@@ -2013,14 +2014,14 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
         tooltip-group-label := Text {
             x: 12px; y: tooltip-groups.y;
             width: device-tip.label-width; height: 16px;
-            text: GalleryStrings.tr("分组", "Groups", "Группы");
+            text: GalleryStrings.texts[101];
             color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; font-size: 10px;
             vertical-alignment: center;
         }
         tooltip-groups := Text {
             x: 20px + device-tip.label-width; y: tooltip-id-label.y + tooltip-id-label.height + 4px;
             width: parent.width - self.x - 12px; height: max(16px, self.preferred-height);
-            text: device-tip.group-names == "" ? GalleryStrings.tr("未分组", "Ungrouped", "Без группы") : device-tip.group-names;
+            text: device-tip.group-names == "" ? GalleryStrings.texts[31] : device-tip.group-names;
             color: device-tip.group-names == "" ? WorkbenchStyle.muted : WorkbenchStyle.accent;
             font-size: 10px;
             wrap: word-wrap; horizontal-alignment: right; vertical-alignment: center;
@@ -2220,8 +2221,8 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
         error: root.copy-feedback == CopyFeedback.failed;
         icon: self.error ? FontAwesomeIcons.xmark : FontAwesomeIcons.check;
         text: self.error
-            ? GalleryStrings.tr("复制失败，请重试", "Couldn’t copy. Try again", "Не удалось скопировать. Повторите попытку")
-            : root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.tr("IP 和端口已复制", "IP and port copied", "IP и порт скопированы") : UiStrings.copied;
+            ? GalleryStrings.texts[102]
+            : root.lan-mode ? GalleryStrings.texts[103] : UiStrings.copied;
         z: 30;
     }
 
@@ -2332,7 +2333,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
             height: 140px;
             VerticalLayout {
                 padding: 20px; spacing: 18px;
-                DialogPromptText { prompt: root.delete-from-gallery ? (root.gallery-group-index > 0 ? GalleryStrings.tr("从当前分组移除此设备？", "Remove from this group?", "Убрать из этой группы?") : GalleryStrings.tr("从桌面墙移除此设备？", "Remove from DeskHub?", "Убрать из DeskHub?")) : UiStrings.confirm-delete; }
+                DialogPromptText { prompt: root.delete-from-gallery ? (root.gallery-group-index > 0 ? GalleryStrings.texts[104] : GalleryStrings.texts[105]) : UiStrings.confirm-delete; }
                 HorizontalLayout {
                     alignment: center; spacing: 8px;
                     PrimaryButton { text: UiStrings.ok; clicked => { if root.delete-from-gallery { root.gallery-action("remove", root.delete-remote-id); } else { root.recent-delete(root.delete-remote-id); } root.delete-open = false; } }
@@ -2385,7 +2386,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                     padding: 24px;
                     spacing: 16px;
                     Text {
-                        text: GalleryStrings.tr("确认断开连接？", "Disconnect this session?", "Отключить этот сеанс?");
+                        text: GalleryStrings.texts[106];
                         color: WorkbenchStyle.text;
                         font-size: 18px;
                         font-weight: 600;
@@ -2407,7 +2408,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                         }
                     }
                     Text {
-                        text: GalleryStrings.tr("当前远程控制会话将结束。", "The current remote session will end.", "Текущий сеанс удалённого управления будет завершён.");
+                        text: GalleryStrings.texts[107];
                         color: WorkbenchStyle.muted;
                         font-size: 13px;
                         wrap: word-wrap;
@@ -2420,7 +2421,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                             clicked => { root.dismiss-disconnect(); }
                         }
                         disconnect-confirm := WorkbenchButton {
-                            text: GalleryStrings.tr("断开连接", "Disconnect", "Отключить");
+                            text: GalleryStrings.texts[96];
                             destructive: true;
                             clicked => {
                                 let remote-id = root.disconnect-remote-id;
@@ -2548,9 +2549,9 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                     spacing: 12px;
                     for permission[index] in [
                         {label: UiStrings.accessibility-permission, granted: root.accessibility-granted,
-                         description: GalleryStrings.tr("允许远程键盘和鼠标控制", "Allow remote keyboard and mouse input", "Разрешить удалённый ввод с клавиатуры и мыши")},
+                         description: GalleryStrings.texts[108]},
                         {label: UiStrings.screen-recording-permission, granted: root.screen-recording-granted,
-                         description: GalleryStrings.tr("允许共享此 Mac 的屏幕画面", "Allow sharing this Mac’s screen", "Разрешить показ экрана этого Mac")},
+                         description: GalleryStrings.texts[109]},
                     ]: WorkbenchCard {
                         height: max(80px, permission-labels.preferred-height + 32px);
                         permission-labels := VerticalLayout {
@@ -2571,7 +2572,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                             height: 36px;
                             permission-action-metrics := Text {
                                 visible: false; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 600;
-                                text: GalleryStrings.tr("前往设置", "Open settings", "Настройки");
+                                text: GalleryStrings.texts[110];
                             }
                             if !permission.granted: WorkbenchButton {
                                 width: parent.width; height: parent.height; primary: true;
@@ -2590,7 +2591,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                                     vertical-alignment: center; accessible-role: none;
                                 }
                                 Text {
-                                    text: GalleryStrings.tr("已授权", "Granted", "Разрешено");
+                                    text: GalleryStrings.texts[111];
                                     font-size: 12px; color: WorkbenchStyle.success; vertical-alignment: center;
                                 }
                             }
@@ -2601,9 +2602,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                     spacing: 12px;
                     SurfaceSeparator { height: 1px; outline-color: UiSurface.separator; }
                     Text {
-                        text: GalleryStrings.tr("请在系统设置中允许 CrossDesk 访问。如系统提示重新打开应用，请按提示操作。",
-                            "Allow CrossDesk access in System Settings. Reopen the app if macOS asks you to.",
-                            "Разрешите доступ для CrossDesk в Системных настройках. Перезапустите приложение, если macOS попросит об этом.");
+                        text: GalleryStrings.texts[112];
                         font-size: 11px; color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; wrap: word-wrap;
                     }
                 }
@@ -2645,7 +2644,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                     background: WorkbenchStyle.accent; border-radius: UiRadius.control;
                     animate x { duration: 180ms; easing: ease-in-out; }
                 }
-                for label[index] in [GalleryStrings.tr("常规", "General", "Общие"), GalleryStrings.tr("桌面墙", "DeskHub", "DeskHub")]: Rectangle {
+                for label[index] in [GalleryStrings.texts[113], GalleryStrings.texts[54]]: Rectangle {
                     x: index == 1 ? parent.width / 2 + 1px : 2px;
                     y: 2px; width: (parent.width - 6px) / 2; height: parent.height - 4px;
                     accessible-role: button; accessible-label: label;
@@ -2683,14 +2682,14 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                         padding-right: settings-dialog.scrollbar-gutter; padding-bottom: 4px;
                         spacing: 14px;
                         SettingsGroup {
-                            title: GalleryStrings.tr("界面", "Interface", "Интерфейс"); rows: 1;
+                            title: GalleryStrings.texts[114]; rows: 1;
                             SettingsRow {
                                 label: UiStrings.language; divider: false;
-                                SettingsSelect { x: parent.width - 116px; y: 4px; width: 104px; model: ["中文", "English", "Русский"]; current-index <=> root.language-index; }
+                                SettingsSelect { x: parent.width - 192px; y: 4px; width: 180px; model: root.language-options; current-index <=> root.language-index; }
                             }
                         }
                         SettingsGroup {
-                            title: GalleryStrings.tr("视频", "Video", "Видео");
+                            title: GalleryStrings.texts[115];
                             rows: root.capture-method-visible ? 2 : 1;
                             if root.capture-method-visible: SettingsRow {
                                 label: UiStrings.capture-method; enabled: !root.settings-session-active;
@@ -2702,9 +2701,9 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                             }
                         }
                         SettingsGroup {
-                            title: GalleryStrings.tr("网络连接", "Network", "Сеть"); rows: 3;
+                            title: GalleryStrings.texts[116]; rows: 3;
                             SettingsToggleRow {
-                                label: GalleryStrings.tr("启用 IP 连接", "Enable IP connections", "Подключение по IP");
+                                label: GalleryStrings.texts[117];
                                 checked <=> root.ip-direct-enabled-draft;
                             }
                             SettingsToggleRow { label: UiStrings.force-relay; checked <=> root.force-relay-enabled; enabled: !root.settings-session-active; }
@@ -2715,7 +2714,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                                 self-host-edit := SettingsButton {
                                     x: parent.width - self.width - 60px; y: 4px;
                                     width: self-host-edit-metrics.preferred-width + 24px; height: 28px;
-                                    text: GalleryStrings.tr("编辑", "Edit", "Изменить");
+                                    text: GalleryStrings.texts[118];
                                     enabled: !root.settings-session-active;
                                     clicked => { root.self-host-settings-open = true; }
                                     self-host-edit-metrics := Text {
@@ -2726,21 +2725,21 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                             }
                         }
                         Text {
-                            text: GalleryStrings.tr("关闭 IP 连接将隐藏模式按钮，并断开 IP 连接会话。", "Disabling IP connections hides the mode button and ends IP sessions.", "Отключение подключений по IP скроет кнопку режима и завершит IP-сеансы.");
+                            text: GalleryStrings.texts[119];
                             font-size: 11px; color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; wrap: word-wrap;
                         }
                         SettingsGroup {
-                            title: GalleryStrings.tr("隐私保护", "Privacy", "Приватность"); rows: 3;
+                            title: GalleryStrings.texts[120]; rows: 3;
                             SettingsToggleRow { label: UiStrings.privacy-on-connect; checked <=> root.privacy-on-connect-enabled; enabled: root.privacy-setting-available; }
                             SettingsToggleRow { label: UiStrings.privacy-local-unlock; checked <=> root.privacy-local-unlock-allowed; enabled: root.privacy-setting-available; }
                             SettingsToggleRow { label: UiStrings.lock-on-disconnect; checked <=> root.lock-on-disconnect-enabled; enabled: root.lock-on-disconnect-available; divider: false; }
                         }
                         Text {
-                            text: GalleryStrings.tr("最后一个远程控制端断开后，自动锁定本机。", "Lock this device when the last remote controller disconnects.", "Блокировать это устройство после отключения последнего управляющего клиента.");
+                            text: GalleryStrings.texts[121];
                             font-size: 11px; color: WorkbenchStyle.muted; wrap: word-wrap;
                         }
                         SettingsGroup {
-                            title: GalleryStrings.tr("本地存储", "Local storage", "Локальное хранение"); rows: 2;
+                            title: GalleryStrings.texts[122]; rows: 2;
                             SettingsToggleRow { label: UiStrings.save-remote-previews; checked <=> root.save-remote-previews; }
                             SettingsRow {
                                 label: UiStrings.file-save-path; enabled: !root.settings-session-active; divider: false;
@@ -2748,7 +2747,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                             }
                         }
                         SettingsGroup {
-                            title: GalleryStrings.tr("启动与后台", "Startup & background", "Запуск и фоновая работа"); rows: 2;
+                            title: GalleryStrings.texts[123]; rows: 2;
                             if !root.autostart-system-managed: SettingsToggleRow { label: UiStrings.autostart; checked <=> root.autostart-enabled; enabled: !root.settings-session-active; }
                             if root.autostart-system-managed: SettingsToggleRow {
                                 label: UiStrings.autostart;
@@ -2784,12 +2783,12 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                 width: parent.width - 2 * settings-dialog.content-inset; height: 32px; spacing: 10px;
                 Rectangle { horizontal-stretch: 1; }
                 SettingsButton {
-                    width: 80px; text: UiStrings.cancel;
+                    width: max(80px, self.label-width); text: UiStrings.cancel;
                     clicked => { root.cancel-settings(); root.settings-open = false; root.self-host-settings-open = false; }
                 }
                 SettingsButton {
-                    width: 92px; primary: true;
-                    text: GalleryStrings.tr("保存", "Save", "Сохранить");
+                    width: max(92px, self.label-width); primary: true;
+                    text: GalleryStrings.texts[34];
                     clicked => { if root.save-settings() { root.settings-open = false; root.self-host-settings-open = false; } }
                 }
             }
@@ -2807,7 +2806,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
             TouchArea { clicked => { focus-sink.focus(); } }
             Text {
                 x: 24px; y: 18px; width: parent.width - 48px; height: 26px;
-                text: GalleryStrings.tr("设置开机自启动", "Set up auto start", "Настройка автозапуска");
+                text: GalleryStrings.texts[124];
                 font-size: 18px; font-weight: 600; color: WorkbenchStyle.text;
             }
             ScrollView {
@@ -2819,25 +2818,20 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
                     width: parent.width; padding: 0px; spacing: 12px;
                     Text { text: root.autostart-status-text; color: WorkbenchStyle.accent; font-size: 13px; wrap: word-wrap; }
                     Text {
-                        text: root.autostart-status == AutostartStatus.unsupported ? GalleryStrings.tr(
-                            "当前设备不支持开机自启动。", "This device does not support auto start.", "Это устройство не поддерживает автозапуск.") :
-                            root.autostart-status == AutostartStatus.failed ? GalleryStrings.tr(
-                            "无法读取系统状态。请刷新重试，或在系统设置中核对。", "Could not read the system status. Refresh to retry, or check System Settings.", "Не удалось прочитать состояние. Повторите попытку или проверьте настройки системы.") :
-                            GalleryStrings.tr("请在系统设置中添加或移除本应用，返回后会自动刷新状态。", "Add or remove this app in system Settings. The status refreshes when you return.", "Добавьте или удалите приложение в настройках системы. После возвращения статус обновится.");
+                        text: root.autostart-status == AutostartStatus.unsupported ? GalleryStrings.texts[125] :
+                            root.autostart-status == AutostartStatus.failed ? GalleryStrings.texts[126] :
+                            GalleryStrings.texts[127];
                         color: WorkbenchStyle.text; font-size: 13px; wrap: word-wrap;
                     }
                     if root.autostart-status != AutostartStatus.unsupported: Text {
-                        text: GalleryStrings.tr(
-                            "设置 → 应用和元服务 → 应用启动管理\n\n开启：点击“添加应用”，选择 CrossDesk，然后点击“完成”。\n\n关闭：在自启动列表中找到本应用，点击“移除”。",
-                            "Settings → Apps & services → App startup management\n\nEnable: choose Add app, select CrossDesk, then choose Done.\n\nDisable: find this app in the startup list and choose Remove.",
-                            "Настройки → Приложения и сервисы → Управление запуском\n\nВключить: добавьте CrossDesk в список и подтвердите выбор.\n\nВыключить: удалите приложение из списка автозапуска.");
+                        text: GalleryStrings.texts[128];
                         color: WorkbenchStyle.text; font-size: 13px; wrap: word-wrap;
                     }
                 }
             }
             SettingsButton {
                 x: 24px; y: parent.height - 48px; width: 112px;
-                text: GalleryStrings.tr("刷新状态", "Refresh status", "Обновить статус");
+                text: GalleryStrings.texts[129];
                 enabled: root.autostart-status != AutostartStatus.checking;
                 clicked => { root.refresh-autostart-status(); }
             }
@@ -2882,7 +2876,7 @@ export component MainWindow inherits Window {
             }
             SurfaceSeparator { x: 18px; y: parent.height - 66px; width: parent.width - 36px; height: 1px; outline-color: UiSurface.separator; }
             SettingsButton { x: parent.width - 114px; y: parent.height - 50px; width: 92px; primary: true; text: UiStrings.ok; clicked => { if root.save-self-hosted-settings() { root.self-host-settings-open = false; } } }
-            SettingsButton { x: parent.width - 204px; y: parent.height - 50px; width: 80px; text: UiStrings.cancel; clicked => { root.cancel-self-hosted-settings(); root.self-host-settings-open = false; } }
+            SettingsButton { x: parent.width - 124px - self.width; y: parent.height - 50px; width: max(80px, self.label-width); text: UiStrings.cancel; clicked => { root.cancel-self-hosted-settings(); root.self-host-settings-open = false; } }
         }
     }
 

apps/desktop/src/gui/ui/settings_controls.slint

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ export component SettingsButton inherits FlatSurface {
     in property <bool> quiet: false;
     in property <bool> align-left: false;
     in property <bool> enabled: true;
+    out property <length> label-width: button-label.preferred-width + 2 * root.content-padding + (root.has-icon ? 24px : 0px);
     private property <bool> has-icon: root.icon.width > 0;
     private property <length> content-padding: root.has-icon ? 8px : 12px;
     callback clicked();

apps/desktop/src/gui/ui/ui_localization.h

@@ -40,7 +40,21 @@ inline int ApplyMainWindowStrings(
     int language_index) {
   const int language =
       localization::detail::ClampLanguageIndex(language_index);
-  window->global<ui::GalleryStrings>().set_language(language);
+  auto& gallery = window->global<ui::GalleryStrings>();
+  gallery.set_language(language);
+  const auto& retry = localization::Literal("请在 {0} 秒后重试", language);
+  const auto split = retry.find("{0}");
+  gallery.set_retry_prefix(Text(retry.substr(0, split)));
+  gallery.set_retry_suffix(Text(split == std::string::npos ? "" : retry.substr(split + 3)));
+  std::vector<slint::SharedString> literals;
+  for (const auto* key : localization::detail::kSlintLiterals)
+    literals.push_back(Text(localization::Literal(key, language)));
+  gallery.set_texts(std::make_shared<slint::VectorModel<slint::SharedString>>(literals));
+  std::vector<slint::SharedString> languages;
+  for (const auto& option : localization::GetSupportedLanguages())
+    languages.push_back(Text(option.display_name));
+  languages.push_back(Text(localization::Literal("跟随系统", language)));
+  window->set_language_options(std::make_shared<slint::VectorModel<slint::SharedString>>(languages));
   auto& strings = window->global<ui::UiStrings>();
   strings.set_window_minimize(Text(localization::window_minimize[language]));
   strings.set_window_close(Text(localization::window_close[language]));

apps/desktop/src/platform/linux/headless/headless_settings.cpp

@@ -25,15 +25,15 @@ std::optional<bool> Boolean(const std::string& value) {
   return std::nullopt;
 }
 const char* OnOff(bool value) { return value ? "on" : "off"; }
-const char* languages[] = {"zh-CN", "en-US", "ru-RU"};
+const char* languages[] = {"zh-CN", "en-US", "ru-RU", "zh-Hant", "ja", "ko", "de", "fr", "es", "pt-BR", "system"};
 const char* turn_modes[] = {"off", "auto", "udp", "tcp"};
 }  // namespace
 
 std::vector<ConsoleSetting> GetConsoleSettings(const ConfigCenter& config) {
-  const auto language = std::clamp(static_cast<int>(config.GetLanguage()), 0, 2);
+  const auto language = std::clamp(static_cast<int>(config.GetLanguage()), 0, 10);
   const auto turn = std::clamp(static_cast<int>(config.GetTurnMode()), 0, 3);
   return {
-      {"language", "console_setting_language", languages[language], "zh-CN / en-US / ru-RU"},
+      {"language", "console_setting_language", languages[language], "system / zh-CN / en-US / ru-RU / zh-Hant / ja / ko / de / fr / es / pt-BR"},
       {"codec", "console_setting_codec", config.GetVideoEncodeFormat() == ConfigCenter::VIDEO_ENCODE_FORMAT::AV1 ? "av1" : "h264", "h264 / av1"},
       {"turn", "console_setting_turn", turn_modes[turn], "off / auto / udp / tcp"},
       {"self_hosted", "console_setting_self_hosted", OnOff(config.IsSelfHosted()), "on / off"},
@@ -70,6 +70,10 @@ SettingResult ApplyConsoleSetting(ConfigCenter& config, const std::string& key,
     int language = value == "zh-cn" || value == "zh" || value == "0" ? 0
                   : value == "en-us" || value == "en" || value == "1" ? 1
                   : value == "ru-ru" || value == "ru" || value == "2" ? 2 : -1;
+    if (language < 0) {
+      for (int i = 0; i <= 10; ++i)
+        if (value == Lower(languages[i]) || value == std::to_string(i)) language = i;
+    }
     if (language < 0) return result;
     canonical = languages[language];
     save = [&config, language] { return config.SetLanguage(static_cast<ConfigCenter::LANGUAGE>(language)); };